8.3. Partielle Integration und Substitutionsregel


In diesem Abschnitt finden wir Integralversionen der Produkt- und der Kettenregel, die Regel der partiellen Integration und die Substitutionsregel. Beide sind Standardwerkzeuge der Integralrechnung.

I bezeichne weiterhin ein beliebiges Intervall.

Satz (Regel der partiellen Integration):  f und g seien zwei differenzierbare Funktionen auf I, also f,g D 1 (I) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOzaiaacYcacaWGNbGaeyicI4SaamiramaaCaaaleqabaGaaGymaaaakiaacIcacaWGjbGaaiykaaaa@3DD9@ . Dann gilt:

Ist f g MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGabmOzayaafaGaeyyXICTaam4zaaaa@3A19@ auf I integrierbar, so gilt dies auch für f g MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOzaiabgwSixlqadEgagaqbaaaa@3A19@ . Dabei hat man für alle a,bI MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyyaiaacYcacaWGIbGaeyicI4Saamysaaaa@3ABB@ :

a b f g =fg | a b a b f g MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaa8qCaeaacaWGMbGaeyyXICTabm4zayaafaaaleaacaWGHbaabaGaamOyaaqdcqGHRiI8aOGaeyypa0JaamOzaiabgwSixlaadEgacaGG8bWaa0baaSqaaiaadggaaeaacaWGIbaaaOGaeyOeI0Yaa8qCaeaaceWGMbGbauaacqGHflY1caWGNbaaleaacaWGHbaabaGaamOyaaqdcqGHRiI8aaaa@4FD4@
[8.3.1]

Beweis:  Zunächst ist die Funktion fg MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOzaiabgwSixlaadEgaaaa@3A0D@ gemäß Produktregel [7.7.6] differenzierbar mit (fg ) = f g+f g MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaiikaiaadAgacqGHflY1caWGNbGabiykayaafaGaeyypa0JabmOzayaafaGaeyyXICTaam4zaiabgUcaRiaadAgacqGHflY1ceWGNbGbauaaaaa@45B4@ . Also besitzt f g+f g MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGabmOzayaafaGaeyyXICTaam4zaiabgUcaRiaadAgacqGHflY1ceWGNbGbauaaaaa@3F28@ eine Stammfunktion, und zwar fg MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOzaiabgwSixlaadEgaaaa@3A0D@ . Mit f g MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGabmOzayaafaGaeyyXICTaam4zaaaa@3A19@ ist daher nach [8.1.7] auch f g = f g+f g f g MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOzaiabgwSixlqadEgagaqbaiabg2da9iqadAgagaqbaiabgwSixlaadEgacqGHRaWkcaWGMbGaeyyXICTabm4zayaafaGaeyOeI0IabmOzayaafaGaeyyXICTaam4zaaaa@4975@ integrierbar und aus der Gleichheit

a b f g + a b f g = a b f g+f g =fg | a b MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaa8qCaeaaceWGMbGbauaacqGHflY1caWGNbaaleaacaWGHbaabaGaamOyaaqdcqGHRiI8aOGaey4kaSYaa8qCaeaacaWGMbGaeyyXICTabm4zayaafaaaleaacaWGHbaabaGaamOyaaqdcqGHRiI8aOGaeyypa0Zaa8qCaeaaceWGMbGbauaacqGHflY1caWGNbGaey4kaSIaamOzaiabgwSixlqadEgagaqbaaWcbaGaamyyaaqaaiaadkgaa0Gaey4kIipakiabg2da9iaadAgacqGHflY1caWGNbGaaiiFamaaDaaaleaacaWGHbaabaGaamOyaaaaaaa@5E4B@

folgt sofort die Formel [8.3.1].

Beachte:

  • Ist f sogar stetig differenzierbar, d.h. f C 1 (I) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOzaiabgIGiolaadoeadaahaaWcbeqaaiaaigdaaaGccaGGOaGaamysaiaacMcaaaa@3C3C@ , so ist f g MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGabmOzayaafaGaeyyXICTaam4zaaaa@3A19@ stetig auf I, also automatisch integrierbar.

  • Die Rollen, die f und g einnehmen, sind symmetrisch. Man kann also die Regel der partiellen Integration auch so formulieren: a b f g =fg | a b a b f g MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaa8qCaeaaceWGMbGbauaacqGHflY1caWGNbaaleaacaWGHbaabaGaamOyaaqdcqGHRiI8aOGaeyypa0JaamOzaiabgwSixlaadEgacaGG8bWaa0baaSqaaiaadggaaeaacaWGIbaaaOGaeyOeI0Yaa8qCaeaacaWGMbGaeyyXICTabm4zayaafaaaleaacaWGHbaabaGaamOyaaqdcqGHRiI8aaaa@4FD4@ .

  • Bei der Anwendung der Regel muss man sich jedoch für eine Variante entscheiden. Zwar sind beide Möglichkeiten korrekt, aber fast immer ist nur eine sinnvoll und führt zum Ziel. Für einen "sicheren" Umgang mit dieser Regel benötigt man ein gutes Auge und ein wenig Erfahrung.

  • Die Regel der partiellen Integration läßt sich nur anwenden, wenn der Integrand ein Produkt ist, bei dem man zumindest einen Faktor als Ableitung darstellen kann. Allerdings muss dann zu diesem Faktor eine Stammfunktion kennen.
    Dies erklärt den Namen der Regel: Es ist nicht nötig, den Integranden komplett zu integrieren (also eine Stammfunktion zu finden), sondern es reicht, ihn nur nur partiell, d.h nur einen Teil zu integrieren.

     

Der bei weitem wichtigste Anwendungsbereich der partiellen Integration ist das Errechnen von Stammfunktionen über den Hauptsatz [8.2.13]. Wir demonstrieren diese Technik an einigen Beispielen.

Beispiel:  

  • Xcos+sin MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaeyOeI0IaamiwaiabgwSixlGacogacaGGVbGaai4CaiabgUcaRiGacohacaGGPbGaaiOBaaaa@408D@ ist eine Stammfunktion zu Xsin MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiwaiabgwSixlGacohacaGGPbGaaiOBaaaa@3BEB@ , denn für alle x MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiEaiabgIGiolabl2riHcaa@39DD@ ist

    0 x Xsin = 0 x X(cos ) =X(cos) | 0 x 0 x X (cos) =Xcos | 0 x + 0 x cos =Xcos | 0 x +sin | 0 x =xcosx+sinx MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=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@993E@

     
  • X 2 cos+2Xsin+2cos MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaeyOeI0IaamiwamaaCaaaleqabaGaaGOmaaaakiabgwSixlGacogacaGGVbGaai4CaiabgUcaRiaaikdacaWGybGaeyyXICTaci4CaiaacMgacaGGUbGaey4kaSIaaGOmaiGacogacaGGVbGaai4Caaaa@49D4@ ist eine Stammfunktion zu X 2 sin MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiwamaaCaaaleqabaGaaGOmaaaakiabgwSixlGacohacaGGPbGaaiOBaaaa@3CDE@ : Wir integrieren zweimal partiell und erhalten so für alle x MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiEaiabgIGiolabl2riHcaa@39DD@

    0 x X 2 sin = 0 x X 2 (cos ) = X 2 (cos) | 0 x + 0 x 2Xcos = X 2 cos | 0 x + 0 x 2Xsin = X 2 cos | 0 x +2Xsin | 0 x 0 x 2sin = X 2 cos | 0 x +2Xsin | 0 x +2cos | 0 x = x 2 cosx+2xsinx+2cosx2 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=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@DA49@

    und damit zunächst X 2 cos+2Xsin+2cos2 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaeyOeI0IaamiwamaaCaaaleqabaGaaGOmaaaakiabgwSixlGacogacaGGVbGaai4CaiabgUcaRiaaikdacaWGybGaeyyXICTaci4CaiaacMgacaGGUbGaey4kaSIaaGOmaiGacogacaGGVbGaai4CaiabgkHiTiaaikdaaaa@4B7D@ als eine Stammfunktion zu X 2 sin MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiwamaaCaaaleqabaGaaGOmaaaakiabgwSixlGacohacaGGPbGaaiOBaaaa@3CDE@ . Den konstanten Summanden −2 lassen wir anschließend weg.

  • Im letzten Beispiel errechnen wir eine Stammfunktion zu cos 2 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaci4yaiaac+gacaGGZbWaaWbaaSqabeaacaaIYaaaaaaa@39A8@ . Die Rechnung benutzt den Satz des Pythagoras (hier in der Form sin 2 =1 cos 2 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaci4CaiaacMgacaGGUbWaaWbaaSqabeaacaaIYaaaaOGaeyypa0JaaGymaiabgkHiTiGacogacaGGVbGaai4CamaaCaaaleqabaGaaGOmaaaaaaa@4021@ ), ein Standardtrick!

    Zunächst haben wir für x MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiEaiabgIGiolabl2riHcaa@39DD@ :

    0 x cos 2 = 0 x coscos = 0 x cossin =cossin | 0 x 0 x cos sin =cossin | 0 x + 0 x sin 2 =cossin | 0 x + 0 x 1 cos 2 =cossin | 0 x + 0 x 1 0 x cos 2 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=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@B94A@

    Damit ist das gesuchte Integral zwar noch nicht ermittelt, aber es erfüllt eine Gleichung, die wir zu

    0 x cos 2 = 1 2 (sincos | 0 x + 0 x 1 )= 1 2 (sinxcosx+x) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaa8qCaeaaciGGJbGaai4BaiaacohadaahaaWcbeqaaiaaikdaaaaabaGaaGimaaqaaiaadIhaa0Gaey4kIipakiabg2da9maalaaabaGaaGymaaqaaiaaikdaaaGaaiikaiGacohacaGGPbGaaiOBaiabgwSixlGacogacaGGVbGaai4CaiaacYhadaqhaaWcbaGaaGimaaqaaiaadIhaaaGccqGHRaWkdaWdXbqaaiaaigdaaSqaaiaaicdaaeaacaWG4baaniabgUIiYdGccaGGPaGaeyypa0ZaaSaaaeaacaaIXaaabaGaaGOmaaaacaGGOaGaci4CaiaacMgacaGGUbGaamiEaiabgwSixlGacogacaGGVbGaai4CaiaadIhacqGHRaWkcaWG4bGaaiykaaaa@620B@

    lösen können, so dass wir schließlich 1 2 (sincos+X) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaSaaaeaacaaIXaaabaGaaGOmaaaacaGGOaGaci4CaiaacMgacaGGUbGaeyyXICTaci4yaiaac+gacaGGZbGaey4kaSIaamiwaiaacMcaaaa@4280@ als eine Stammfunktion zu cos 2 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaci4yaiaac+gacaGGZbWaaWbaaSqabeaacaaIYaaaaaaa@39A8@ erhalten.

Der Satz des Pythagoras wird bei der partiellen Integration oft eingesetzt. Wir zeigen diesen Standardtrick noch einmal bei den Rekursionsformeln für die Integrale über sin n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaci4CaiaacMgacaGGUbWaaWbaaSqabeaacaWGUbaaaaaa@39E4@ und cos n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaci4yaiaac+gacaGGZbWaaWbaaSqabeaacaWGUbaaaaaa@39DF@ .

Bemerkung:  Für alle a,b MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyyaiaacYcacaWGIbGaeyicI4SaeSyhHekaaa@3B5D@ und alle n2 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOBaiabgwMiZkaaikdaaaa@3961@ ist

  1. a b sin n = cos sin n1 n | a b + n1 n a b sin n2 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaa8qCaeaaciGGZbGaaiyAaiaac6gadaahaaWcbeqaaiaad6gaaaaabaGaamyyaaqaaiaadkgaa0Gaey4kIipakiabg2da9iabgkHiTmaalaaabaGaci4yaiaac+gacaGGZbGaeyyXICTaci4CaiaacMgacaGGUbWaaWbaaSqabeaacaWGUbGaeyOeI0IaaGymaaaaaOqaaiaad6gaaaGaaiiFamaaDaaaleaacaWGHbaabaGaamOyaaaakiabgUcaRmaalaaabaGaamOBaiabgkHiTiaaigdaaeaacaWGUbaaamaapehabaGaci4CaiaacMgacaGGUbWaaWbaaSqabeaacaWGUbGaeyOeI0IaaGOmaaaaaeaacaWGHbaabaGaamOyaaqdcqGHRiI8aaaa@5D26@

[8.3.2]
  1. a b cos n = sin cos n1 n | a b + n1 n a b cos n2 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaa8qCaeaaciGGJbGaai4BaiaacohadaahaaWcbeqaaiaad6gaaaaabaGaamyyaaqaaiaadkgaa0Gaey4kIipakiabg2da9maalaaabaGaci4CaiaacMgacaGGUbGaeyyXICTaci4yaiaac+gacaGGZbWaaWbaaSqabeaacaWGUbGaeyOeI0IaaGymaaaaaOqaaiaad6gaaaGaaiiFamaaDaaaleaacaWGHbaabaGaamOyaaaakiabgUcaRmaalaaabaGaamOBaiabgkHiTiaaigdaaeaacaWGUbaaamaapehabaGaci4yaiaac+gacaGGZbWaaWbaaSqabeaacaWGUbGaeyOeI0IaaGOmaaaaaeaacaWGHbaabaGaamOyaaqdcqGHRiI8aaaa@5C2F@

[8.3.3]

Beweis:  Beide Nachweise verlaufen analog. Wir führen daher nur einen, beispielhaft etwa den zu 2. Mit sin 2 =1 cos 2 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaci4CaiaacMgacaGGUbWaaWbaaSqabeaacaaIYaaaaOGaeyypa0JaaGymaiabgkHiTiGacogacaGGVbGaai4CamaaCaaaleqabaGaaGOmaaaaaaa@4021@ erhalten wir die folgende Gleichung für a b cos n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaa8qCaeaaciGGJbGaai4BaiaacohadaahaaWcbeqaaiaad6gaaaaabaGaamyyaaqaaiaadkgaa0Gaey4kIipaaaa@3E0A@ :

a b cos n = a b sin cos n1 =sin cos n1 | a b a b sin(n1) cos n2 (sin) =sin cos n1 | a b +(n1) a b sin 2 cos n2 =sin cos n1 | a b +(n1) a b (1 cos 2 ) cos n2 =sin cos n1 | a b +(n1) a b cos n2 (n1) a b cos n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=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@EE35@

Damit haben wir:  n a b cos n =sin cos n1 | a b +(n1) a b cos n2 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOBamaapehabaGaci4yaiaac+gacaGGZbWaaWbaaSqabeaacaWGUbaaaaqaaiaadggaaeaacaWGIbaaniabgUIiYdGccqGH9aqpciGGZbGaaiyAaiaac6gacqGHflY1ciGGJbGaai4BaiaacohadaahaaWcbeqaaiaad6gacqGHsislcaaIXaaaaOGaaiiFamaaDaaaleaacaWGHbaabaGaamOyaaaakiabgUcaRiaacIcacaWGUbGaeyOeI0IaaGymaiaacMcadaWdXbqaaiGacogacaGGVbGaai4CamaaCaaaleqabaGaamOBaiabgkHiTiaaikdaaaaabaGaamyyaaqaaiaadkgaa0Gaey4kIipaaaa@5C75@ , also im Prinzip die Behauptung.

Sind a und b Nullstellen der Sinus- oder Cosinusfunktion, so lassen sich diese Rekursionsformeln vereinfachen zu

a b sin n = n1 n a b sin n2 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaa8qCaeaaciGGZbGaaiyAaiaac6gadaahaaWcbeqaaiaad6gaaaaabaGaamyyaaqaaiaadkgaa0Gaey4kIipakiabg2da9maalaaabaGaamOBaiabgkHiTiaaigdaaeaacaWGUbaaamaapehabaGaci4CaiaacMgacaGGUbWaaWbaaSqabeaacaWGUbGaeyOeI0IaaGOmaaaaaeaacaWGHbaabaGaamOyaaqdcqGHRiI8aaaa@4C89@    und    a b cos n = n1 n a b cos n2 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaa8qCaeaaciGGJbGaai4BaiaacohadaahaaWcbeqaaiaad6gaaaaabaGaamyyaaqaaiaadkgaa0Gaey4kIipakiabg2da9maalaaabaGaamOBaiabgkHiTiaaigdaaeaacaWGUbaaamaapehabaGaci4yaiaac+gacaGGZbWaaWbaaSqabeaacaWGUbGaeyOeI0IaaGOmaaaaaeaacaWGHbaabaGaamOyaaqdcqGHRiI8aaaa@4C7F@ .

In solchen Fällen ist es leichter, eine rekursionsfreie Darstellung zu finden. Das folgende Integral benötigen wir in [8.5.7] zur Berechnung des Kugelvolumens.

Bemerkung:  Für alle n0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOBaiabgwMiZkaaicdaaaa@395F@ ist

π 2 π 2 cos n = { n! ( 2 k k!) 2 π   falls  n=2k ( 2 k k!) 2 n! 2   falls  n=2k+1 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=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@6C80@
[8.3.4]

Beweis:  Für k=0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaam4Aaiabg2da9iaaicdaaaa@389C@ ist das Integral in beiden Fällen elementar auszuwerten. O.E. sei also k>0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaam4Aaiabg6da+iaaicdaaaa@389E@ . Ist n=2k MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOBaiabg2da9iaaikdacaWGRbaaaa@3991@ , so läßt sich die verkürzte Rekusionsformel genau k mal anwenden:

π 2 π 2 cos n = n1 n n3 n2 1 2 π 2 π 2 cos 0 = n(n1) n 2 (n2)(n3) (n2) 2 21 2 2 π = n! ((2k)(2k2)(2k2(k1))) 2 π = n! ( 2 k (k(k1)(k(k1))) 2 π (2 k mal ausklammern) = n! ( 2 k k!) 2 π MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=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@E96B@

Im Fall n=2k+1 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOBaiabg2da9iaaikdacaWGRbGaey4kaSIaaGymaaaa@3B2E@ gehen wir analog vor. Auch hier wenden wir die kurze Rekursionsformel k mal an:

π 2 π 2 cos n = n1 n n3 n2 2 3 π 2 π 2 cos 1 = (n1) 2 n(n1) (n3) 2 (n2)(n3) 2 2 32 2 = ((2k)(2k2)(2k2(k1))) 2 n! 2 = ( 2 k (k(k1)(k(k1))) 2 n! 2 = ( 2 k k!) 2 n! 2 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=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@D941@

Wir übertragen nun die Kettenregel in ihre Integralversion. Anders als bei der partiellen Integration greift die Substitutionsregel auch auf die Integrationsgrenzen zu.

Satz (Substitutionsregel):  I und J seien zwei Intervalle und g:JI MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaam4zaiaacQdacaWGkbGaeyOKH4Qaamysaaaa@3B20@ eine differenzierbare Funktion. Ist f integrierbar auf I, d.h. fI(I) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOzaiabgIGiolaadMeacaGGOaGaamysaiaacMcaaaa@3B50@ , so ist (fg) g I(J) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaiikaiaadAgacqWIyiYBcaWGNbGaaiykaiabgwSixlqadEgagaqbaiabgIGiolaadMeacaGGOaGaamOsaiaacMcaaaa@4212@ und für alle a,bJ MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyyaiaacYcacaWGIbGaeyicI4SaamOsaaaa@3ABC@ gilt

a b (fg) g = g(a) g(b) f MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaa8qCaeaacaGGOaGaamOzaiablIHiVjaadEgacaGGPaGaeyyXICTabm4zayaafaaaleaacaWGHbaabaGaamOyaaqdcqGHRiI8aOGaeyypa0Zaa8qCaeaacaWGMbaaleaacaWGNbGaaiikaiaadggacaGGPaaabaGaam4zaiaacIcacaWGIbGaaiykaaqdcqGHRiI8aaaa@4C89@
[8.3.5]

Beweis:  Sei h eine Stammfunktion zu f. Nach Kettenregel ([7.7.8]) ist hg MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiAaiablIHiVjaadEgaaaa@38FF@ differenzierbar auf I mit

(hg ) =( h g) g =(fg) g MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaiikaiaadIgacqWIyiYBcaWGNbGabiykayaafaGaeyypa0JaaiikaiqadIgagaqbaiablIHiVjaadEgacaGGPaGaeyyXICTabm4zayaafaGaeyypa0JaaiikaiaadAgacqWIyiYBcaWGNbGaaiykaiabgwSixlqadEgagaqbaaaa@4BD6@ .

(fg) g MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaiikaiaadAgacqWIyiYBcaWGNbGaaiykaiabgwSixlqadEgagaqbaaaa@3D98@ besitzt also in hg MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiAaiablIHiVjaadEgaaaa@38FF@ eine Stammfunktion und

a b (fg) g =(hg) | a b =h | g(a) g(b) = g(a) g(b) f MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaa8qCaeaacaGGOaGaamOzaiablIHiVjaadEgacaGGPaGaeyyXICTabm4zayaafaaaleaacaWGHbaabaGaamOyaaqdcqGHRiI8aOGaeyypa0JaaiikaiaadIgacqWIyiYBcaWGNbGaaiykaiaacYhadaqhaaWcbaGaamyyaaqaaiaadkgaaaGccqGH9aqpcaWGObGaaiiFamaaDaaaleaacaWGNbGaaiikaiaadggacaGGPaaabaGaam4zaiaacIcacaWGIbGaaiykaaaakiabg2da9maapehabaGaamOzaaWcbaGaam4zaiaacIcacaWGHbGaaiykaaqaaiaadEgacaGGOaGaamOyaiaacMcaa0Gaey4kIipaaaa@5E80@

Beachte:

  • Insbesondere bei der Anwendung der Substitutionsregel ist die dx-Schreibweise weit verbreitet. Dazu muss allerdings neben dx, dem Differential der Identität, auch das Differential

    dg(x)= g (x)dx MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamizaiaadEgacaGGOaGaamiEaiaacMcacqGH9aqpceWGNbGbauaacaGGOaGaamiEaiaacMcacqGHflY1caWGKbGaamiEaaaa@429B@  

     i

    Wir ergänzen die Erläuterungen zu den Differentialformen vom Grad 1 in 8.2. Dort haben wir d x X=X MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamizamaaBaaaleaacaWG4baabeaakiaadIfacqGH9aqpcaWGybaaaa@3AC8@ errechnet. Für r MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOCaiabgIGiolabl2riHcaa@39D7@ hat man daher

    d x g(r)= g (x)r= g (x) d x X(r) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamizamaaBaaaleaacaWG4baabeaakiaadEgacaGGOaGaamOCaiaacMcacqGH9aqpceWGNbGbauaacaGGOaGaamiEaiaacMcacqGHflY1caWGYbGaeyypa0Jabm4zayaafaGaaiikaiaadIhacaGGPaGaeyyXICTaamizamaaBaaaleaacaWG4baabeaakiaadIfacaGGOaGaamOCaiaacMcaaaa@4EC0@ ,

    also (x, d x g)=(x, g (x) d x X) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaiikaiaadIhacaGGSaGaamizamaaBaaaleaacaWG4baabeaakiaadEgacaGGPaGaeyypa0JaaiikaiaadIhacaGGSaGabm4zayaafaGaaiikaiaadIhacaGGPaGaeyyXICTaamizamaaBaaaleaacaWG4baabeaakiaadIfacaGGPaaaaa@4897@ , und damit: dg= g dX MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamizaiaadEgacqGH9aqpceWGNbGbauaacqGHflY1caWGKbGaamiwaaaa@3DCF@ bzw.

    dg(x)= g (x)dx MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamizaiaadEgacaGGOaGaamiEaiaacMcacqGH9aqpceWGNbGbauaacaGGOaGaamiEaiaacMcacqGHflY1caWGKbGaamiEaaaa@429B@

    wie man im Zusammenhang mit der Substitutionsregel meist schreibt.

    einer beliebigen differenzierbaren Funktion g betrachtet werden.

    Substituiert man nun t=g(x) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiDaiabg2da9iaadEgacaGGOaGaamiEaiaacMcaaaa@3B2D@ , also dt= g (x)dx MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamizaiaadshacqGH9aqpceWGNbGbauaacaGGOaGaamiEaiaacMcacaWGKbGaamiEaaaa@3E08@ , so garantiert die Substitutionsregel, dass die durch bloßes Austauschen gewonnene Gleichung

    a b f(g(x)) g (x)dx = g(a) g(b) f(t)dt MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaa8qCaeaacaWGMbGaaiikaiaadEgacaGGOaGaamiEaiaacMcacaGGPaGaeyyXICTabm4zayaafaGaaiikaiaadIhacaGGPaGaamizaiaadIhaaSqaaiaadggaaeaacaWGIbaaniabgUIiYdGccqGH9aqpdaWdXbqaaiaadAgacaGGOaGaamiDaiaacMcacaWGKbGaamiDaaWcbaGaam4zaiaacIcacaWGHbGaaiykaaqaaiaadEgacaGGOaGaamOyaiaacMcaa0Gaey4kIipaaaa@5615@

    auch gültig ist. Die folgenden Beispiele zeigen meist beide Schreibformen der Substitutionsregel. Über die Schaltflächen und lassen sie sich jeweils ein- und ausblenden.

  • Die Substitutionsregel läßt sich sowohl von links nach rechts wie auch von rechts nach links lesen und anwenden. Die erste Lesart setzt man ein, wenn der Integrand erkennbar die Form (fg) g MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaiikaiaadAgacqWIyiYBcaWGNbGaaiykaiabgwSixlqadEgagaqbaaaa@3D98@ hat, die Substitution g also direkt abgelesen werden kann.

    Im zweiten Fall muss man eigenständig eine Substitution g so einführen, dass das Integral über (fg) g MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaiikaiaadAgacqWIyiYBcaWGNbGaaiykaiabgwSixlqadEgagaqbaaaa@3D98@ leichter zu errechnen ist als das über f. Dabei ist auch zu berücksichtigen, dass man jetzt g-Urbilder der Integrationsgrenzen finden muss. Für ein bijektives g gelingt dies über die Umkehrfunktion, so dass [8.3.5] für a,bI MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyyaiaacYcacaWGIbGaeyicI4Saamysaaaa@3ABB@ umformuliert werden kann zu

    a b f = g 1 (a) g 1 (b) (fg) g MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaa8qCaeaacaWGMbaaleaacaWGHbaabaGaamOyaaqdcqGHRiI8aOGaeyypa0Zaa8qCaeaacaGGOaGaamOzaiablIHiVjaadEgacaGGPaGaeyyXICTabm4zayaafaaaleaacaWGNbWaaWbaaWqabeaacqGHsislcaaIXaaaaSGaaiikaiaadggacaGGPaaabaGaam4zamaaCaaameqabaGaeyOeI0IaaGymaaaaliaacIcacaWGIbGaaiykaaqdcqGHRiI8aaaa@504B@
     

Die beiden ersten Beispiele üben die Substitutionsregel in der Richtung von links nach rechts.

Beispiel:  Wir berechnen das Integral   0 1 ( X 2 +1 ) 4 2X = 0 1 ( x 2 +1 ) 4 2xdx MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaa8qCaeaacaGGOaGaamiwamaaCaaaleqabaGaaGOmaaaakiabgUcaRiaaigdacaGGPaWaaWbaaSqabeaacaaI0aaaaOGaeyyXICTaaGOmaiaadIfaaSqaaiaaicdaaeaacaaIXaaaniabgUIiYdGccqGH9aqpdaWdXbqaaiaacIcacaWG4bWaaWbaaSqabeaacaaIYaaaaOGaey4kaSIaaGymaiaacMcadaahaaWcbeqaaiaaisdaaaGccqGHflY1caaIYaGaamiEaiaaykW7caWGKbGaamiEaaWcbaGaaGimaaqaaiaaigdaa0Gaey4kIipaaaa@55A5@   mit der Substitution

g= X 2 +1, g =2X MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaam4zaiabg2da9iaadIfadaahaaWcbeqaaiaaikdaaaGccqGHRaWkcaaIXaGaaiilaiaaywW7ceWGNbGbauaacqGH9aqpcaaIYaGaamiwaaaa@4120@

0 1 ( X 2 +1 ) 4 2X = 0 1 X 4 ( X 2 +1)( X 2 +1 ) = 1 2 X 4 = 1 5 X 5 | 1 2 = 31 5 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=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@686E@

Beim folgenden Beispiel machen wir uns den zunächst fehlenden Faktor 3 durch einen Standardtrick, hier 1= 1 3 3 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaGymaiabg2da9maalaaabaGaaGymaaqaaiaaiodaaaGaeyyXICTaaG4maaaa@3C3C@ , verfügbar. Da konstante Faktoren stets vor das Integral gezogen werden können, ist ein nicht passender Faktor grundsätzlich kein Hindernis.

Beispiel:  Für das Integral  0 2 X 2 2 X 3 +1 = 0 2 x 2 2 x 3 +1 dx MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaa8qCaeaadaWcaaqaaiaadIfadaahaaWcbeqaaiaaikdaaaaakeaacaaIYaWaaOaaaeaacaWGybWaaWbaaSqabeaacaaIZaaaaOGaey4kaSIaaGymaaWcbeaaaaaabaGaaGimaaqaaiaaikdaa0Gaey4kIipakiabg2da9maapehabaWaaSaaaeaacaWG4bWaaWbaaSqabeaacaaIYaaaaaGcbaGaaGOmamaakaaabaGaamiEamaaCaaaleqabaGaaG4maaaakiabgUcaRiaaigdaaSqabaaaaOGaaGPaVlaadsgacaWG4baaleaacaaIWaaabaGaaGOmaaqdcqGHRiI8aaaa@4EB4@   verwenden wir die Substitution

g= X 3 +1, g =3 X 2 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaam4zaiabg2da9iaadIfadaahaaWcbeqaaiaaiodaaaGccqGHRaWkcaaIXaGaaiilaiaaywW7ceWGNbGbauaacqGH9aqpcaaIZaGaamiwamaaCaaaleqabaGaaGOmaaaaaaa@420B@

0 2 X 2 2 X 3 +1 = 1 3 0 2 3 X 2 2 X 3 +1 = 1 3 0 2 1 2 X ( X 3 +1)( X 3 +1 ) = 1 3 1 9 1 2 X = 1 3 X | 1 9 = 2 3 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=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@753A@

Im nächsten Beispiel wenden wir die Substitutionsregel von rechts nach links an. Da der Integrand jetzt nicht die Form (fg) g MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaiikaiaadAgacqWIyiYBcaWGNbGaaiykaiabgwSixlqadEgagaqbaaaa@3D98@ hat, ergibt sich die Substitution g nicht "von selbst". Ohne Erfahrung wirken manche Substitionen zunächst willkürlich und fremd.

In unserem Beispiel wählen wir als Substitution die Sinusfunktion. Motiviert ist diese Wahl durch die Bauart des Integranden und die Hoffnung, anschließend den Satz des Pythagoras sin 2 + cos 2 =1 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaci4CaiaacMgacaGGUbWaaWbaaSqabeaacaaIYaaaaOGaey4kaSIaci4yaiaac+gacaGGZbWaaWbaaSqabeaacaaIYaaaaOGaeyypa0JaaGymaaaa@4020@ erfolgreich einbringen zu können. Man beachte ferner, dass wir in einem vorherigen Beispiel 1 2 (sincos+X) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaSaaaeaacaaIXaaabaGaaGOmaaaacaGGOaGaci4CaiaacMgacaGGUbGaeyyXICTaci4yaiaac+gacaGGZbGaey4kaSIaamiwaiaacMcaaaa@4280@ bereits als eine Stammfunktion zu cos 2 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaci4yaiaac+gacaGGZbWaaWbaaSqabeaacaaIYaaaaaaa@39A8@ nachgewiesen haben.

Beispiel:  Das Integral  1 1 1 X 2 = 1 1 1 x 2 dx MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaa8qCaeaadaGcaaqaaiaaigdacqGHsislcaWGybWaaWbaaSqabeaacaaIYaaaaaqabaaabaGaeyOeI0IaaGymaaqaaiaaigdaa0Gaey4kIipakiabg2da9maapehabaWaaOaaaeaacaaIXaGaeyOeI0IaamiEamaaCaaaleqabaGaaGOmaaaaaeqaaOGaaGPaVlaadsgacaWG4baaleaacqGHsislcaaIXaaabaGaaGymaaqdcqGHRiI8aaaa@4B20@   lösen wir mit der Substitution

g=sin, g =cos MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaam4zaiabg2da9iGacohacaGGPbGaaiOBaiaacYcacaaMf8Uabm4zayaafaGaeyypa0Jaci4yaiaac+gacaGGZbaaaa@41C5@

1 1 1 X 2 = π 2 π 2 1 X 2 sinsin = π 2 π 2 1 sin 2 cos = π 2 π 2 cos 2 cos = π 2 π 2 |cos|cos = π 2 π 2 cos 2 = 1 2 (sincos+X) | π 2 π 2 = π 2 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=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@B4A2@

In einem letzten Beispiel berechnen wir mit Hilfe der Substitutionsregel (und zwar in beiden Richtungen) für ein beliebiges r>0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOCaiabg6da+iaaicdaaaa@38A5@ eine Stammfunktion zu

1 X 2 r 2 :[r,r] MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaOaaaeaacaaIXaGaeyOeI0YaaSaaaeaacaWGybWaaWbaaSqabeaacaaIYaaaaaGcbaGaamOCamaaCaaaleqabaGaaGOmaaaaaaaabeaakiaacQdacaGGBbGaeyOeI0IaamOCaiaacYcacaWGYbGaaiyxaiabgkziUkabl2riHcaa@44D4@

Die Ähnlichkeit mit dem letzten Beispiel wird wieder eine Substitution mit der Sinusfunktion nahe legen. Allerdings sind jetzt die Integrationsgrenzen variabel, so dass wir die Umkehrbarkeit von g benötigen. sin selbst ist nicht bijektiv, wohl aber die Einschränkung sin|[ π 2 , π 2 ] MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaci4CaiaacMgacaGGUbGaaiiFaiaacUfacqGHsisldaWcaaqaaiabec8aWbqaaiaaikdaaaGaaiilamaalaaabaGaeqiWdahabaGaaGOmaaaacaGGDbaaaa@4233@ . Sie besitzt in

arcsin= (sin|[ π 2 , π 2 ]) 1 :[1,1][ π 2 , π 2 ] MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaciyyaiaackhacaGGJbGaai4CaiaacMgacaGGUbGaeyypa0JaaiikaiGacohacaGGPbGaaiOBaiaacYhacaGGBbGaeyOeI0YaaSaaaeaacqaHapaCaeaacaaIYaaaaiaacYcadaWcaaqaaiabec8aWbqaaiaaikdaaaGaaiyxaiaacMcadaahaaWcbeqaaiabgkHiTiaaigdaaaGccaGG6aGaai4waiabgkHiTiaaigdacaGGSaGaaGymaiaac2facqGHsgIRcaGGBbGaeyOeI0YaaSaaaeaacqaHapaCaeaacaaIYaaaaiaacYcadaWcaaqaaiabec8aWbqaaiaaikdaaaGaaiyxaaaa@5BF8@ .  

 i

eine Umkehrfunktion, den Arcussinus. Dieses Beispiel rechnen wir nur in der dx-Schreibweise vor.

Beispiel:  Da cos auf dem Bild arcsin([1,1])=[ π 2 , π 2 ] MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaciyyaiaackhacaGGJbGaai4CaiaacMgacaGGUbGaaiikaiaacUfacqGHsislcaaIXaGaaiilaiaaigdacaGGDbGaaiykaiabg2da9iaacUfacqGHsisldaWcaaqaaiabec8aWbqaaiaaikdaaaGaaiilamaalaaabaGaeqiWdahabaGaaGOmaaaacaGGDbaaaa@4B27@ positiv und 1 2 (sincos+X) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaSaaaeaacaaIXaaabaGaaGOmaaaacaGGOaGaci4CaiaacMgacaGGUbGaeyyXICTaci4yaiaac+gacaGGZbGaey4kaSIaamiwaiaacMcaaaa@4280@ als eine Stammfunktion zu cos 2 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaci4yaiaac+gacaGGZbWaaWbaaSqabeaacaaIYaaaaaaa@39A8@ bekannt ist, erhalten wir (wieder mit dem Satz des Pythagoras) zunächst für ein beliebiges x[r,r] MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiEaiabgIGiolaacUfacqGHsislcaWGYbGaaiilaiaadkhacaGGDbaaaa@3DB8@ :

r x 1 u 2 r 2 du =r r x 1 u 2 r 2 1 r du =r 1 x r 1 t 2 dt         Substitution  t= u r ,dt= 1 r du =r arcsin(1) arcsin x r 1 sin 2 z coszdz         Substitution  t=sinz,dt=coszdz =r arcsin(1) arcsin x r cos 2 zdz = r 2 (sinzcosz+z) | π 2 arcsin x r = r 2 ( x r cos(arcsin x r )+arcsin x r + π 2 ) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=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@1D2E@

Damit haben wir eine Stammfunktion zu 1 X 2 r 2 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaOaaaeaacaaIXaGaeyOeI0YaaSaaaeaacaWGybWaaWbaaSqabeaacaaIYaaaaaGcbaGaamOCamaaCaaaleqabaGaaGOmaaaaaaaabeaaaaa@3B64@ errechnet, nämlich:

X 2 cos(arcsin X r )+ r 2 arcsin X r = X 2 1 X 2 r 2 + r 2 arcsin X r MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=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@68DE@

Mit der Substitutiosregel zeigt man leicht, dass Integrale verschiebungsunabhängig sind.

Bemerkung:  Sei f integrierbar über I und a,bI MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyyaiaacYcacaWGIbGaeyicI4Saamysaaaa@3ABB@ . Dann ist für ein beliebiges c MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaam4yaiabgIGiolabl2riHcaa@39C8@

a b f = a+c b+c f(Xc) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaa8qCaeaacaWGMbaaleaacaWGHbaabaGaamOyaaqdcqGHRiI8aOGaeyypa0Zaa8qCaeaacaWGMbGaeSigI8MaaiikaiaadIfacqGHsislcaWGJbGaaiykaaWcbaGaamyyaiabgUcaRiaadogaaeaacaWGIbGaey4kaSIaam4yaaqdcqGHRiI8aaaa@4A17@
[8.3.6]

Beweis:  Da (Xc ) =1 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaiikaiaadIfacqGHsislcaWGJbGabiykayaafaGaeyypa0JaaGymaaaa@3BC4@ kann man die Substitutionsregel anwenden und erhält

a+c b+c f(Xc) = Xc(a+c) Xc(b+c) f = a b f MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaa8qCaeaacaWGMbGaeSigI8MaaiikaiaadIfacqGHsislcaWGJbGaaiykaaWcbaGaamyyaiabgUcaRiaadogaaeaacaWGIbGaey4kaSIaam4yaaqdcqGHRiI8aOGaeyypa0Zaa8qCaeaacaWGMbaaleaacaWGybGaeyOeI0Iaam4yaiaacIcacaWGHbGaey4kaSIaam4yaiaacMcaaeaacaWGybGaeyOeI0Iaam4yaiaacIcacaWGIbGaey4kaSIaam4yaiaacMcaa0Gaey4kIipakiabg2da9maapehabaGaamOzaaWcbaGaamyyaaqaaiaadkgaa0Gaey4kIipaaaa@5BF2@

8.2. 8.4.