4.5. Polynome


Im letzten Abschnitt haben wir gesehen, dass allein die identische Funktion X durch Potenzieren unendlich viele weitere Funktionen erzeugt. Bereits durch die Hinzunahme der konstanten Funktionen lässt sich aus X (und ihren Potenzen) eine sehr umfangreiche Funktionenmenge konstruieren, nämlich die Menge aller Linearkombinationen der X i MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiwamaaCaaaleqabaGaamyAaaaaaaa@37E0@ , also Funktionen der Form

a 0 + a 1 X++ a n X n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyyamaaBaaaleaacaaIWaaabeaakiabgUcaRiaadggadaWgaaWcbaGaaGymaaqabaGccaWGybGaey4kaSIaeSOjGSKaey4kaSIaamyyamaaBaaaleaacaWGUbaabeaakiaadIfadaahaaWcbeqaaiaad6gaaaaaaa@4246@ .

Da hierbei nur die Addition und die Multiplikation benötigt wird, bietet sich zwar eine Verallgemeinerung auf einen beliebigen Ring R an, wenige zusätzliche Eigenschaften sind aber von Vorteil. Im Folgenden sei nun R ein kommutativer Ring mit 1

 i

D.h. R ist eine nicht-leere Menge mit zwei Verknüpfungen + und ⋅. Dabei gilt:

  • + ist assoziativ und kommutativ.
  • Es gibt ein neutrales Element 0 bzgl. +.
  • Zu jedem xR MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiEaiabgIGiolaadkfaaaa@3940@ gibt es ein inverses Element xR MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaeyOeI0IaamiEaiabgIGiolaadkfaaaa@3A2D@ .
  • ⋅ ist assoziativ und kommutativ.
  • Es gibt ein neutrales Element 1 bzgl. ⋅.
  • ⋅ verhält sich distributiv zu +.
.

Wir betrachten dabei zunächst nur den Koeffizientensatz einer solchen Funktion. Um beliebig hohe Potenzen von X verwenden zu können, stellen wir uns darunter eine unendliche Folge in R vor, bei der aber nur endlich viele Glieder von 0 verschieden sind, denn eine echte unendliche Summe soll hier nicht betrachtet werden. Zu jedem Koeffizientensatz wird es daher ein n geben, so dass alle Folgenglieder mit höherem Index den Wert 0 haben.

Definition:  Eine Folge p=( a i ) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrVepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiCaiabg2da9iaacIcacaWGHbWaaSbaaSqaaiaadMgaaeqaaOGaaiykaaaa@3B47@ in R (siehe [5.1.1]) nennen wir ein Polynom (über R) falls es ein n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOBaiabgIGiolablwriLcaa@39CB@ gibt, so dass a i =0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrVepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyyamaaBaaaleaacaWGPbaabeaakiabg2da9iaaicdaaaa@39B3@ für alle i>n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrVepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyAaiabg6da+iaad6gaaaa@38D2@ , falls also p die Form ( a 0 ,, a n ,0,) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrpepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaiikaiaadggadaWgaaWcbaGaaGimaaqabaGccaGGSaGaeSOjGSKaaiilaiaadggadaWgaaWcbaGaamOBaaqabaGccaGGSaGaaGimaiaacYcacqWIMaYscaGGPaaaaa@40E3@ hat.

Die Elemente a 0 ,, a n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyyamaaBaaaleaacaaIWaaabeaakiaacYcacqWIMaYscaGGSaGaamyyamaaBaaaleaacaWGUbaabeaaaaa@3C45@ sind die Koeffizienten von p. Ist a n 0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyyamaaBaaaleaacaWGUbaabeaakiabgcMi5kaaicdaaaa@3A78@ , so ist dies der Leitkoeffizient und n der Grad von p (in Zeichen: n=gradp MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOBaiabg2da9iaadEgacaWGYbGaamyyaiaadsgacaaMc8UaamiCaaaa@3E13@ ). Wir nennen p normiert, falls a n =1 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyyamaaBaaaleaacaWGUbaabeaakiabg2da9iaaigdaaaa@39B8@ . Die speziellen Polynome der Form (0,,0, a i ,0,) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaiikaiaaicdacaGGSaGaeSOjGSKaaiilaiaaicdacaGGSaGaamyyamaaBaaaleaacaWGPbaabeaakiaacYcacaaIWaGaaiilaiablAciljaacMcaaaa@412D@ , a i 0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyyamaaBaaaleaacaWGPbaabeaakiabgcMi5kaaicdaaaa@3A73@ , heißen auch Monome.

Wir bezeichnen hier mit X die Identität auf R und nennen die Funktion

f p i=0 n a i X i = a 0 + a 1 X++ a n X n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOzamaaBaaaleaacaWGWbaabeaakiabg2da9maaqahabaGaamyyamaaBaaaleaacaWGPbaabeaakiaadIfadaahaaWcbeqaaiaadMgaaaaabaGaamyAaiabg2da9iaaicdaaeaacaWGUbaaniabggHiLdGccqGH9aqpcaWGHbWaaSbaaSqaaiaaicdaaeqaaOGaey4kaSIaamyyamaaBaaaleaacaaIXaaabeaakiaadIfacqGHRaWkcqWIMaYscqGHRaWkcaWGHbWaaSbaaSqaaiaad6gaaeqaaOGaamiwamaaCaaaleqabaGaamOBaaaaaaa@504C@
[4.5.1]

die zu p gehörige Polynomfunktion (auch ganz-rationale Funktion) und p selbst ein Generatorpolynom (bzw. Erzeugerpolynom) von f p MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOzamaaBaaaleaacaWGWbaabeaaaaa@37F4@ .

Die Menge aller Polynome über R bezeichnen wir mit dem Symbol R[X] MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOuaiaacUfacaWGybGaaiyxaaaa@395C@ , die aller Polynomfunktionen mit (R) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaqcaawaaiaadcfacaGGOaGaamOuaiaacMcaaaa@394C@ .

Im Spezialfall R= MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOuaiabg2da9iablkqiJcaa@391C@ ersetzen wir X durch Z. Polynomfunktionen zu Elementen von [Z] MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaeSOaHmQaai4waiaadQfacaGGDbaaaa@39DE@ notieren wir also in der Form

i=0 n a i Z i MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaabCaeaacaWGHbWaaSbaaSqaaiaadMgaaeqaaOGaamOwamaaCaaaleqabaGaamyAaaaaaeaacaWGPbGaeyypa0JaaGimaaqaaiaad6gaa0GaeyyeIuoaaaa@3FC4@ .

Die strenge Unterscheidung zwischen Polynom und Polynomfunktion mag übertrieben aufwändig erscheinen. Sie ist aber notwendig, denn es gibt Ringe bei denen verschiedene Polynome dieselbe Polynomfunktion erzeugen. In diesen Fällen ist also die Generatorabbildung

ϕ:p f p MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaeqy1dOMaaiOoaiaadchacqWIMgsycaWGMbWaaSbaaSqaaiaadchaaeqaaaaa@3D2C@
[4.5.2]

nicht injektiv (siehe Beispiele). In [5.5.18] zeigen wir allerdings, dass ϕ MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaeqy1dOgaaa@37B4@ bei unendlichen Integritätsringen

 i

ein Ring mit unendlicher Trägermenge R also, der nullteilerfrei ist:

xy=0x=0      y=0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqr=epeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiEaiabgwSixlaadMhacqGH9aqpcaaIWaGaaGzbVlabgkDiElaaywW7caWG4bGaeyypa0JaaGimaiaaysW7cqGHOiI2caaMe8UaamyEaiabg2da9iaaicdaaaa@4BAD@
stets injektiv ist, so dass wir hier zwischen p und f p MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOzamaaBaaaleaacaWGWbaabeaaaaa@37F4@ nicht mehr unterscheiden müssen.

Beachte:

  • Aufgrund ihrer Bauweise sind Polynomfunktionen grundsätzlich Funktionen mit Definitionsbereich R. Für jedes Polynom p gilt also: f p :RR MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOzamaaBaaaleaacaWGWbaabeaakiaacQdacaWGsbGaeyOKH4QaamOuaaaa@3C57@ .

  • Die Funktionswerte einer Polynomfunktion sehen (fast) so aus, wie die Polynomfunktion selbst:

    f p (x)= i=0 n a i x i = a 0 + a 1 x++ a n x n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOzamaaBaaaleaacaWGWbaabeaakiaacIcacaWG4bGaaiykaiabg2da9maaqahabaGaamyyamaaBaaaleaacaWGPbaabeaakiaadIhadaahaaWcbeqaaiaadMgaaaaabaGaamyAaiabg2da9iaaicdaaeaacaWGUbaaniabggHiLdGccqGH9aqpcaWGHbWaaSbaaSqaaiaaicdaaeqaaOGaey4kaSIaamyyamaaBaaaleaacaaIXaaabeaakiaadIhacqGHRaWkcqWIMaYscqGHRaWkcaWGHbWaaSbaaSqaaiaad6gaaeqaaOGaamiEamaaCaaaleqabaGaamOBaaaaaaa@5302@ .
     
  • Die Polynome vom Grad 0 erzeugen die von 0 verschiedenen konstanten Funktionen auf R.

  • Die konstante Folge 0(0,0,) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaGimaiabg2da9iaacIcacaaIWaGaaiilaiaaicdacaGGSaGaeSOjGSKaaiykaaaa@3CF7@ ist ein Polynom, das sog. Nullpolynom. Es hat keinen Leitkoeffizienten und besitzt somit als einziges Polynom keinen originären Grad. Man definiert daher zusätzlich: grad0= MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaam4zaiaadkhacaWGHbGaamizaiaaykW7caaIWaGaeyypa0JaeyOeI0IaeyOhIukaaa@3F43@ . Diese, etwas seltsam anmutende Festlegung, ist i.w. der Gradformel [4.5.5] geschuldet. Die zugehörige Polynomfunktion f 0 =0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrpepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOzamaaBaaaleaacaaIWaaabeaakiabg2da9iaaicdaaaa@3982@ ist die Nullfunktion auf R.

  • Die Polynome vom Grad 1 erzeugen die nicht-konstanten linearen Funktionen auf R.

  • Aus einer Darstellung p=( a 0 ,, a n ,0,) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrpepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiCaiabg2da9iaacIcacaWGHbWaaSbaaSqaaiaaicdaaeqaaOGaaiilaiablAciljaacYcacaWGHbWaaSbaaSqaaiaad6gaaeqaaOGaaiilaiaaicdacaGGSaGaeSOjGSKaaiykaaaa@42DE@   kann man i.a. nicht die Information gradp=n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaam4zaiaadkhacaWGHbGaamizaiaaykW7caWGWbGaeyypa0JaamOBaaaa@3E13@ ableiten ( a n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyyamaaBaaaleaacaWGUbaabeaaaaa@37ED@ könnte Null sein), sondern nur gradpn MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaam4zaiaadkhacaWGHbGaamizaiaaykW7caWGWbGaeyizImQaamOBaaaa@3EC2@ .

  • Alle Restklassenringe n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqr=epeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaeSijHi6aaSbaaSqaaiaad6gaaeqaaaaa@3881@

     i

    Der Restklassenring n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqr=epeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaeSijHi6aaSbaaSqaaiaad6gaaeqaaaaa@3881@ ist für ein beliebiges n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqr=epeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOBaiabgIGiolablwriLoaaCaaaleqabaGaey4fIOcaaaaa@3AE9@ definiert. Seine Trägermenge ist die Menge aller bei der Division durch n anfallenden Reste, also:

    n ={0,,n1 } MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqr=epeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaeSijHi6aaSbaaSqaaiaad6gaaeqaaOGaeyypa0Jaai4EaiaaicdacaGGSaGaeSOjGSKaaiilaiaad6gacqGHsislcaaIXaGaaiyFaaaa@4168@ .

    Durch die Festsetzungen

    • x+y=(x+y)modn MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqr=epeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiEaiabgUcaRiaadMhacqGH9aqpcaGGOaGaamiEaiabgUcaRiaadMhacaGGPaGaciyBaiaac+gacaGGKbGaamOBaaaa@41C4@
    • xy=(xy)modn MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqr=epeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiEaiabgwSixlaadMhacqGH9aqpcaGGOaGaamiEaiabgwSixlaadMhacaGGPaGaciyBaiaac+gacaGGKbGaamOBaaaa@4494@

    sind daher zwei Verknüpfungen auf n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqr=epeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaeSijHi6aaSbaaSqaaiaad6gaaeqaaaaa@3881@ gegeben, die n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqr=epeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaeSijHi6aaSbaaSqaaiaad6gaaeqaaaaa@3881@ zu einem kommutativen Ring machen. In 3 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqr=epeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaeSijHi6aaSbaaSqaaiaaiodaaeqaaaaa@384B@ etwa hat man die folgenden Verknüpfungstafeln:

    + 0 1 2 0 0 1 2 1 1 2 0 2 2 0 1 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqr=epeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaqcaawaaKqzafqbaeqGbsabeaabaKaaGfaajugqbiabgUcaRaqcaawaaKqzafGaaGimaaqcaawaaKqzafGaaGymaaqcaawaaKqzafGaaGOmaaqcaawaaKqzafGaaGimaaqcaawaaKqzafGaaGimaaqcaawaaKqzafGaaGymaaqcaawaaKqzafGaaGOmaaqcaawaaKqzafGaaGymaaqcaawaaKqzafGaaGymaaqcaawaaKqzafGaaGOmaaqcaawaaKqzafGaaGimaaqcaawaaKqzafGaaGOmaaqcaawaaKqzafGaaGOmaaqcaawaaKqzafGaaGimaaqcaawaaKqzafGaaGymaaaaaaa@5577@   0 1 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 2 2 0 2 1 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqr=epeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaqcaawaaKqzafqbaeqGbsabeaabaKaaGfaajugqbiabgwSixdqcaawaaKqzafGaaGimaaqcaawaaKqzafGaaGymaaqcaawaaKqzafGaaGOmaaqcaawaaKqzafGaaGimaaqcaawaaKqzafGaaGimaaqcaawaaiaaicdaaeaacaaIWaaabaqcLbuacaaIXaaajaaybaGaaGimaaqaaKqzafGaaGymaaqcaawaaKqzafGaaGOmaaqcaawaaKqzafGaaGOmaaqcaawaaiaaicdaaeaajugqbiaaikdaaKaaGfaajugqbiaaigdaaaaaaa@527C@

    Die Fälle, in denen n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqr=epeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaqcaawaaiablssiIQWaaSbaaSqaaiaad6gaaeqaaaaa@38EA@ sogar ein Körper ist, sind genau bekannt:

    n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqr=epeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaqcaawaaiablssiIQWaaSbaaSqaaiaad6gaaeqaaaaa@38EA@ ist ein Körper MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqr=epeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaqcaawaaiaaywW7cqGHuhY2caaMf8oaaa@3BC1@ n ist eine Primzahl.
    sind endlich. Es gibt also auch nur endlich viele Funktionen von n n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqr=epeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaqcaawaaiablssiIQWaaSbaaSqaaiaad6gaaeqaaOGaeyOKH4QaeSijHi6aaSbaaSqaaiaad6gaaeqaaaaa@3D78@ , so dass insbesondere ( n ) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqr=epeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWefv3ySLgznfgDOjdaryqr1ngBPrginfgDObcv39gaiuaacqWFzecucaGGOaGaeSijHi6aaSbaaSqaaiaad6gaaeqaaOGaaiykaaaa@4496@ eine endliche Menge ist. Da aber die Menge aller Polynome über n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqr=epeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaqcaawaaiablssiIQWaaSbaaSqaaiaad6gaaeqaaaaa@38EA@ unendlich ist, kann die Generatorabbildung ϕ MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqr=epeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaqcaawaaiabeA8aMbaa@3802@ nicht injektiv sein.

  • Speziell der Restklassenring 2 ={0,1} MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqr=epeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaeSijHi6aaSbaaSqaaiaaikdaaeqaaOGaeyypa0Jaai4EaiaaicdacaGGSaGaaGymaiaac2haaaa@3D7F@ , der als Körper sogar nullteilerfrei ist, spielt in der Nachrichten- und Codierungstheorie eine wichtige Rolle, sind seine Elemente ja gerade die binären Ziffern 0 und 1. Polynome über 2 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqr=epeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaeSijHi6aaSbaaSqaaiaaikdaaeqaaaaa@384A@ , i.w. also endliche Folgen in {0,1} MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqr=epeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaai4EaiaaicdacaGGSaGaaGymaiaac2haaaa@3A0F@ , werden dort Wörter genannt und die in [4.5.9] vorgestellte Polynomdivision für den CRC-Algorithmus gebraucht.


     

Beispiel:  

  • (3,12,4,7,3,0,) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrpepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaiikaiaaiodacaGGSaGaeyOeI0IaaGymaiaaikdacaGGSaGaeyOeI0IaaGinaiaacYcacaaI3aGaaiilaiaaiodacaGGSaGaaGimaiaacYcacqWIMaYscaGGPaaaaa@4386@ ist ein Polynom 4. Grades über MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaeSijHikaaa@3760@ und 312X4 X 2 +7 X 3 +3 X 4 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaG4maiabgkHiTiaaigdacaaIYaGaamiwaiabgkHiTiaaisdacaWGybWaaWbaaSqabeaacaaIYaaaaOGaey4kaSIaaG4naiaadIfadaahaaWcbeqaaiaaiodaaaGccqGHRaWkcaaIZaGaamiwamaaCaaaleqabaGaaGinaaaaaaa@443C@ ist die zugehörige Polynomfunktion.

  • 2 7 2 X 2 +56 X 8 + X 12 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaOaaaeaacaaIYaaaleqaaOGaeyOeI0YaaSaaaeaacaaI3aaabaGaaGOmaaaacaWGybWaaWbaaSqabeaacaaIYaaaaOGaey4kaSIaaGynaiaaiAdacaWGybWaaWbaaSqabeaacaaI4aaaaOGaey4kaSIaamiwamaaCaaaleqabaGaaGymaiaaikdaaaaaaa@42AD@ ist die Polynomfunktion eines normierten Polynoms 12. Grades über MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaeSyhHekaaa@3758@ . Man beachte hier: a i =0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyyamaaBaaaleaacaWGPbaabeaakiabg2da9iaaicdaaaa@39B2@ für i12,8,2,0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyAaiabgcMi5kaaigdacaaIYaGaaiilaiaaiIdacaGGSaGaaGOmaiaacYcacaaIWaaaaa@3E5C@ .

  • 12 ist die Polynomfunktion eines Polynoms vom Grad 0.

  • In 2 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaeSijHi6aaSbaaSqaaiaaikdaaeqaaaaa@3848@ generiert jedes Monom (0,,0,1,0,) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrpepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaiikaiaaicdacaGGSaGaeSOjGSKaaiilaiaaicdacaGGSaGaaGymaiaacYcacaaIWaGaaiilaiablAciljaacMcaaaa@3FDD@ vom Grad i > 0 die Identität auf 2 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaeSijHi6aaSbaaSqaaiaaikdaaeqaaaaa@3848@ , denn für alle x{0,1} MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiEaiabgIGiolaacUhacaaIWaGaaiilaiaaigdacaGG9baaaa@3C8E@ ist x i =x MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiEamaaCaaaleqabaGaamyAaaaakiabg2da9iaadIhaaaa@3A0D@ .

  • X 1 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiwamaaCaaaleqabaGaeyOeI0IaaGymaaaaaaa@389A@ ist keine Polynomfunktion über MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaeSyhHekaaa@3758@ , denn X 1 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiwamaaCaaaleqabaGaeyOeI0IaaGymaaaaaaa@389A@ hat den Definitionsbereich 0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaeSyhHe6aaWbaaSqabeaacqGHGjsUcaaIWaaaaaaa@3A06@ .

Wie alle R-wertigen Funktionen lassen sich auch Polynomfunktionen über die Grundrechenarten verrechnen. Dabei wird sich zeigen, dass (R) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqr=epeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWefv3ySLgznfgDOjdaryqr1ngBPrginfgDObcv39gaiuaacqWFzecucaGGOaGaamOuaiaacMcaaaa@42CC@ gegenüber +, − und ⋅ abgeschlossen ist.

Für den Beweis ist es bequem, zunächst eine analoge Rechenstruktur auch für die Polynome selbst zu haben. Für p=( a i ) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrVepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiCaiabg2da9iaacIcacaWGHbWaaSbaaSqaaiaadMgaaeqaaOGaaiykaaaa@3B47@ und q=( b i ) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrVepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyCaiabg2da9iaacIcacaWGIbWaaSbaaSqaaiaadMgaaeqaaOGaaiykaaaa@3B49@ führen wir daher die Summe und das sog. Cauchy-Produkt ein:
 
  • p+q=( a i + b i ) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiCaiabgUcaRiaadghacqGH9aqpcaGGOaGaamyyamaaBaaaleaacaWGPbaabeaakiabgUcaRiaadkgadaWgaaWcbaGaamyAaaqabaGccaGGPaaaaa@400B@
  • pq=( j+k=i a j b k ) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiCaiabgwSixlaadghacqGH9aqpcaGGOaWaaabuaeaacaWGHbWaaSbaaSqaaiaadQgaaeqaaOGaeyyXICTaamOyamaaBaaaleaacaWGRbaabeaaaeaacaWGQbGaey4kaSIaam4Aaiabg2da9iaadMgaaeqaniabggHiLdGccaGGPaaaaa@49AB@
[4.5.3]

Für p=(1,2,0,) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqr=epeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiCaiabg2da9iaacIcacaaIXaGaaiilaiabgkHiTiaaikdacaGGSaGaaGimaiaacYcacqWIMaYscaGGPaaaaa@3F8E@ und q=(3,4,2,0,) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqr=epeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyCaiabg2da9iaacIcacaaIZaGaaiilaiaaisdacaGGSaGaaGOmaiaacYcacaaIWaGaaiilaiablAciljaacMcaaaa@4012@ etwa hat man:
p+q MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqr=epeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiCaiabgUcaRiaadghaaaa@38B7@
 
=(1+3,2+4,0+2,0,)=(4,2,2,0,) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqr=epeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaeyypa0JaaiikaiaaigdacqGHRaWkcaaIZaGaaiilaiabgkHiTiaaikdacqGHRaWkcaaI0aGaaiilaiaaicdacqGHRaWkcaaIYaGaaiilaiaaicdacaGGSaGaeSOjGSKaaiykaiabg2da9iaacIcacaaI0aGaaiilaiaaikdacaGGSaGaaGOmaiaacYcacaaIWaGaaiilaiablAciljaacMcaaaa@4E11@
 
pq     j+k MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqr=epeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaCbeaeaacaWGWbGaeyyXICTaamyCaaWceaqabeaajugyaiaaysW7aSqaaiaadQgacqGHRaWkcaWGRbaaaeqaaaaa@3F86@ =( p 0 q 0 0 , p 0 q 1 + p 1 q 0 1 , p 0 q 2 + p 1 q 1 + p 2 q 0 2 , p 0 q 3 + p 1 q 2 + p 2 q 1 + p 3 q 0 3 ,0,) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqr=epeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=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@737D@
=(13,14+(2)3,12+(2)4+03,10+(2)2+04+03,0,) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqr=epeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaeyypa0JaaiikaiaaigdacqGHflY1caaIZaGaaiilaiaaigdacqGHflY1caaI0aGaey4kaSIaaiikaiabgkHiTiaaikdacaGGPaGaeyyXICTaaG4maiaacYcacaaIXaGaeyyXICTaaGOmaiabgUcaRiaacIcacqGHsislcaaIYaGaaiykaiabgwSixlaaisdacqGHRaWkcaaIWaGaeyyXICTaaG4maiaacYcacaaIXaGaeyyXICTaaGimaiabgUcaRiaacIcacqGHsislcaaIYaGaaiykaiabgwSixlaaikdacqGHRaWkcaaIWaGaeyyXICTaaGinaiabgUcaRiaaicdacqGHflY1caaIZaGaaiilaiaaicdacaGGSaGaeSOjGSKaaiykaaaa@6F45@
=(3,2,6,4,0,) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqr=epeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaeyypa0JaaiikaiaaiodacaGGSaGaeyOeI0IaaGOmaiaacYcacqGHsislcaaI2aGaaiilaiabgkHiTiaaisdacaGGSaGaaGimaiaacYcacqWIMaYscaGGPaaaaa@4353@

 

+ MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqr=epeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaey4kaScaaa@36CC@ und MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqr=epeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaeyyXICnaaa@3834@ erzeugen auf R[X] MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqr=epeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOuaiaacUfacaWGybGaaiyxaaaa@395E@ eine Ringstruktur. Dazu zeigen wir zunächst, dass + MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqr=epeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaey4kaScaaa@36CC@ und MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqr=epeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaeyyXICnaaa@3834@ auf R[X] MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqr=epeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOuaiaacUfacaWGybGaaiyxaaaa@395E@ abgeschlossen sind. Der damit einhergehende Gradsatz ist für die weiteren Überlegungen von großer Bedeutung.

Bemerkung (Gradsatz):  Mit p und q sind auch p+q MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiCaiabgUcaRiaadghaaaa@38B5@ und pq MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiCaiabgwSixlaadghaaaa@3A1D@ Polynome über R. Dabei gilt

  1. grad(p+q)max{gradp,gradq} MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaam4zaiaadkhacaWGHbGaamizaiaaykW7caGGOaGaamiCaiabgUcaRiaadghacaGGPaGaeyizImQaciyBaiaacggacaGG4bGaai4EaiaadEgacaWGYbGaamyyaiaadsgacaaMc8UaamiCaiaacYcacaWGNbGaamOCaiaadggacaWGKbGaaGPaVlaadghacaGG9baaaa@52E9@ .
[4.5.4]
  1. grad(pq)gradp+gradq MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaam4zaiaadkhacaWGHbGaamizaiaaykW7caGGOaGaamiCaiabgwSixlaadghacaGGPaGaeyizImQaam4zaiaadkhacaWGHbGaamizaiaaykW7caWGWbGaey4kaSIaam4zaiaadkhacaWGHbGaamizaiaaykW7caWGXbaaaa@4FAF@ .

    Ist R nullteilerfrei, so gilt die Gradformel: grad(pq)=gradp+gradq MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaam4zaiaadkhacaWGHbGaamizaiaaykW7caGGOaGaamiCaiabgwSixlaadghacaGGPaGaeyypa0Jaam4zaiaadkhacaWGHbGaamizaiaaykW7caWGWbGaey4kaSIaam4zaiaadkhacaWGHbGaamizaiaaykW7caWGXbaaaa@4F00@ .

[4.5.5]

Beweis:  Sind p und q Polynome, so sind ihre Koeffizienten a i MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyyamaaBaaaleaacaWGPbaabeaaaaa@37E8@ und b i MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOyamaaBaaaleaacaWGPbaabeaaaaa@37E9@ nur für endlich viele i von Null verschieden, genauer hat man für n=gradp MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOBaiabg2da9iaadEgacaWGYbGaamyyaiaadsgacaaMc8UaamiCaaaa@3E13@ und m=gradq MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyBaiabg2da9iaadEgacaWGYbGaamyyaiaadsgacaaMc8UaamyCaaaa@3E13@ : a i =0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyyamaaBaaaleaacaWGPbaabeaakiabg2da9iaaicdaaaa@39B2@ für i>n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyAaiabg6da+iaad6gaaaa@38D1@ und b i =0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOyamaaBaaaleaacaWGPbaabeaakiabg2da9iaaicdaaaa@39B3@ für i>m MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyAaiabg6da+iaad2gaaaa@38D0@ . Damit ist aber auch

1.    a i + b i =0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyyamaaBaaaleaacaWGPbaabeaakiabgUcaRiaadkgadaWgaaWcbaGaamyAaaqabaGccqGH9aqpcaaIWaaaaa@3C9F@ für alle i>max{n,m} MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyAaiabg6da+iGac2gacaGGHbGaaiiEaiaacUhacaWGUbGaaiilaiaad2gacaGG9baaaa@3F47@ , womit auch

grad(p+q)max{n,m}=max{gradp,gradq} MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaam4zaiaadkhacaWGHbGaamizaiaaykW7caGGOaGaamiCaiabgUcaRiaadghacaGGPaGaeyizImQaciyBaiaacggacaGG4bGaai4Eaiaad6gacaGGSaGaamyBaiaac2hacqGH9aqpciGGTbGaaiyyaiaacIhacaGG7bGaam4zaiaadkhacaWGHbGaamizaiaaykW7caWGWbGaaiilaiaadEgacaWGYbGaamyyaiaadsgacaaMc8UaamyCaiaac2haaaa@5B58@

gegeben ist.

2.   Beim Produkt pq MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiCaiabgwSixlaadghaaaa@3A1D@ argumentiert man wie folgt: Ist j+k=i>n+m MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOAaiabgUcaRiaadUgacqGH9aqpcaWGPbGaeyOpa4JaamOBaiabgUcaRiaad2gaaaa@3E6C@ , so ist:

j>n      k>m a j =0       b k =0 a j b k =0 j+k=i a j b k =0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=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@7464@ .

Also sind höchstens die Koeffizienten von pq MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiCaiabgwSixlaadghaaaa@3A1D@ von Null verschieden, deren Index n+m MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaeyizImQaamOBaiabgUcaRiaad2gaaaa@3A64@ ist. Das belegt auch

grad(pq)n+m=gradp+gradq MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaam4zaiaadkhacaWGHbGaamizaiaaykW7caGGOaGaamiCaiabgwSixlaadghacaGGPaGaeyizImQaamOBaiabgUcaRiaad2gacqGH9aqpcaWGNbGaamOCaiaadggacaWGKbGaaGPaVlaadchacqGHRaWkcaWGNbGaamOCaiaadggacaWGKbGaaGPaVlaadghaaaa@537C@ .

Sei nun R nullteilerfrei. Ist p=0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiCaiabg2da9iaaicdaaaa@389D@ oder q=0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyCaiabg2da9iaaicdaaaa@389E@ , also gradp= MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaam4zaiaadkhacaWGHbGaamizaiaaykW7caWGWbGaeyypa0JaeyOeI0IaeyOhIukaaa@3F7E@ oder gradq= MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaam4zaiaadkhacaWGHbGaamizaiaaykW7caWGXbGaeyypa0JaeyOeI0IaeyOhIukaaa@3F7F@ , so ist nichts zu zeigen, denn da auch pq=0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiCaiabgwSixlaadghacqGH9aqpcaaIWaaaaa@3BDD@ , hat man

grad(pq)==gradp+gradq MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaam4zaiaadkhacaWGHbGaamizaiaaykW7caGGOaGaamiCaiabgwSixlaadghacaGGPaGaeyypa0JaeyOeI0IaeyOhIuQaeyypa0Jaam4zaiaadkhacaWGHbGaamizaiaaykW7caWGWbGaey4kaSIaam4zaiaadkhacaWGHbGaamizaiaaykW7caWGXbaaaa@5264@ .

Ist dagegen a n , b m 0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyyamaaBaaaleaacaWGUbaabeaakiaacYcacaWGIbWaaSbaaSqaaiaad2gaaeqaaOGaeyiyIKRaaGimaaaa@3D37@ , so ist auch a n b m 0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyyamaaBaaaleaacaWGUbaabeaakiabgwSixlaadkgadaWgaaWcbaGaamyBaaqabaGccqGHGjsUcaaIWaaaaa@3ED1@ . Dies ist aber der einzige Summand, der bei der Berechnung des ( n+1 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqr=epeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOBaiabgUcaRiaaigdaaaa@387A@ )-ten Folgenglieds von pq MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqr=epeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiCaiabgwSixlaadghaaaa@3A1F@ zu berücksichtigen ist, denn für j>n      k>m MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqr=epeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOAaiabg6da+iaad6gacaaMe8UaeyikIOTaaGjbVlaadUgacqGH+aGpcaWGTbaaaa@4088@ ist a j b k =0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqr=epeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyyamaaBaaaleaacaWGQbaabeaakiabgwSixlaadkgadaWgaaWcbaGaam4AaaqabaGccqGH9aqpcaaIWaaaaa@3E0C@ und für jn      km MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqr=epeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOAaiabgsMiJkaad6gacaaMe8Uaey4jIKTaaGjbVlaadUgacqGHKjYOcaWGTbaaaa@41E0@ hat man

j+k=n+mj=n      k=m MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOAaiabgUcaRiaadUgacqGH9aqpcaWGUbGaey4kaSIaamyBaiaaywW7cqGHuhY2caaMf8UaamOAaiabg2da9iaad6gacaaMe8Uaey4jIKTaaGjbVlaadUgacqGH9aqpcaWGTbaaaa@4C86@ .
 
Also ist a n b m MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqr=epeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyyamaaBaaaleaacaWGUbaabeaakiabgwSixlaadkgadaWgaaWcbaGaamyBaaqabaaaaa@3C48@ der Leitkoeffizient von pq MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiCaiabgwSixlaadghaaaa@3A1D@ und damit: grad(pq)=n+m=gradp+gradq MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaam4zaiaadkhacaWGHbGaamizaiaaykW7caGGOaGaamiCaiabgwSixlaadghacaGGPaGaeyypa0JaamOBaiabgUcaRiaad2gacqGH9aqpcaWGNbGaamOCaiaadggacaWGKbGaaGPaVlaadchacqGHRaWkcaWGNbGaamOCaiaadggacaWGKbGaaGPaVlaadghaaaa@52CD@ .

Wir zeigen nun, dass die Verknüpfungen + MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqr=epeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaey4kaScaaa@36CC@ und MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqr=epeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaeyyXICnaaa@3834@ auf R[X] MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqr=epeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOuaiaacUfacaWGybGaaiyxaaaa@395E@ die für eine Ringstruktur notwendigen Rechengesetze erfüllen.

Bemerkung:  

  1. (R[X],+,) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaiikaiaadkfacaGGBbGaamiwaiaac2facaGGSaGaey4kaSIaaiilaiabgwSixlaacMcaaaa@3F41@ ist ein kommutativer Ring mit 1. Dabei ist
[4.5.6]

0=(0,0,) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaGimaiabg2da9iaacIcacaaIWaGaaiilaiaaicdacaGGSaGaeSOjGSKaaiykaaaa@3CF7@ das neutrale Element,
1=(1,0,) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaGymaiabg2da9iaacIcacaaIXaGaaiilaiaaicdacaGGSaGaeSOjGSKaaiykaaaa@3CF9@ das Einselement,
( a i ) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrVepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaiikaiabgkHiTiaadggadaWgaaWcbaGaamyAaaqabaGccaGGPaaaaa@3A39@ das inverse Element zu ( a i ) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrVepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaiikaiaadggadaWgaaWcbaGaamyAaaqabaGccaGGPaaaaa@394C@ und
( a i )( b i )=( a i b i ) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaiikaiaadggadaWgaaWcbaGaamyAaaqabaGccaGGPaGaeyOeI0IaaiikaiaadkgadaWgaaWcbaGaamyAaaqabaGccaGGPaGaeyypa0JaaiikaiaadggadaWgaaWcbaGaamyAaaqabaGccqGHsislcaWGIbWaaSbaaSqaaiaadMgaaeqaaOGaaiykaaaa@44FD@ die zu + MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaey4kaScaaa@36CA@ gehörige Subtraktion.

  1. Setzt man für cR MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaam4yaiabgIGiolaadkfaaaa@392B@ und p=( a i ) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrVepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiCaiabg2da9iaacIcacaWGHbWaaSbaaSqaaiaadMgaaeqaaOGaaiykaaaa@3B47@
     
    cp=(c,0,)( a i )=( 0+k=i c a k )=(c a i ) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaam4yaiabgwSixlaadchacqGH9aqpcaGGOaGaam4yaiaacYcacaaIWaGaaiilaiablAciljaacMcacqGHflY1caGGOaGaamyyamaaBaaaleaacaWGPbaabeaakiaacMcacqGH9aqpcaGGOaWaaabuaeaacaWGJbGaeyyXICTaamyyamaaBaaaleaacaWGRbaabeaaaeaacaaIWaGaey4kaSIaam4Aaiabg2da9iaadMgaaeqaniabggHiLdGccaGGPaGaeyypa0JaaiikaiaadogacqGHflY1caWGHbWaaSbaaSqaaiaadMgaaeqaaOGaaiykaaaa@5C0F@ ,

    so ist (R[X],+) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqr=epeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaiikaiaadkfacaGGBbGaamiwaiaac2facaGGSaGaey4kaSIaaiykaaaa@3C49@ ein R-Modul.

     i

    Eine abelsche Gruppe (M,+) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqr=epeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaiikaiaad2eacaGGSaGaey4kaSIaaiykaaaa@39A7@ also, so dass

    r(sm)=(rs)m (r+s)m=rm+sm r(m+n)=rm+rn. MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqr=epeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGceaqabeaacaWGYbGaeyyXICTaaiikaiaadohacqGHflY1caWGTbGaaiykaiabg2da9iaacIcacaWGYbGaeyyXICTaam4CaiaacMcacqGHflY1caWGTbaabaGaaiikaiaadkhacqGHRaWkcaWGZbGaaiykaiabgwSixlaad2gacqGH9aqpcaWGYbGaeyyXICTaamyBaiabgUcaRiaadohacqGHflY1caWGTbaabaGaamOCaiabgwSixlaacIcacaWGTbGaey4kaSIaamOBaiaacMcacqGH9aqpcaWGYbGaeyyXICTaamyBaiabgUcaRiaadkhacqGHflY1caWGUbaaaaa@6BF9@

[4.5.7]

Die Generatorabbildung ϕ:R[X](R) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaeqy1dOMaaiOoaiaadkfacaGGBbGaamiwaiaac2facqGHsgIRtuuDJXwAK1uy0HMmaeHbfv3ySLgzG0uy0HgiuD3BaGqbaiab=LriqjaacIcacaWGsbGaaiykaaaa@4AB5@ ([4.5.2]) ist ein Ringhomomorphismus der die 1 auf die 1 abbildet und ein Modulhomomorphismus.

Beweis:  

Der Gradsatz [4.5.5] stellt sicher, dass Ringe die Nullteilerfreiheit auf ihre Polynomringe vererben:

Ist R ein Integritätsring, so ist R[X] MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOuaiaacUfacaWGybGaaiyxaaaa@395C@ ebenfalls ein Integritätsring.
[4.5.8]

Sind nämlich p und q zwei von 0 verschiedene Polynome, also beide von einem Grad 0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqr=epeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaeyyzImRaaGimaaaa@386A@ , so ist auch gradpgradq0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqr=epeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaam4zaiaadkhacaWGHbGaamizaiaaykW7caWGWbGaeyyXICTaam4zaiaadkhacaWGHbGaamizaiaaykW7caWGXbGaeyyzImRaaGimaaaa@4719@ . pq MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqr=epeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiCaiabgwSixlaadghaaaa@3A1F@ ist damit nicht das Nullpolynom.

Die Generatorabbildung ϕ:R[X](R) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaeqy1dOMaaiOoaiaadkfacaGGBbGaamiwaiaac2facqGHsgIRtuuDJXwAK1uy0HMmaeHbfv3ySLgzG0uy0HgiuD3BaGqbaiab=LriqjaacIcacaWGsbGaaiykaaaa@4AB5@ induziert über seine Homomorphieeigenschaften eine Ring- bzw. Modulstruktur auf (R) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWefv3ySLgznfgDOjdaryqr1ngBPrginfgDObcv39gaiuaacqWFzecucaGGOaGaamOuaiaacMcaaaa@42CA@ . Insbesondere sind die Polynomfunktionen daher abgeschlossen bzgl. + MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaey4kaScaaa@36CA@ und MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaeyyXICnaaa@3832@ , sowie bezüglich der Vielfachenbildung. Genauer hat man für zwei Polynomfunktionen f p MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrpepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOzamaaBaaaleaacaWGWbaabeaaaaa@37F3@ und f q MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrpepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOzamaaBaaaleaacaWGXbaabeaaaaa@37F4@ :

  • f p + f q = f p+q MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrpepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOzamaaBaaaleaacaWGWbaabeaakiabgUcaRiaadAgadaWgaaWcbaGaamyCaaqabaGccqGH9aqpcaWGMbWaaSbaaSqaaiaadchacqGHRaWkcaWGXbaabeaaaaa@3FE0@
  • f 0 =0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrpepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOzamaaBaaaleaacaaIWaaabeaakiabg2da9iaaicdaaaa@3982@
  • f 1 =1 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrpepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOzamaaBaaaleaacaaIXaaabeaakiabg2da9iaaigdaaaa@3984@
  • f p = f p MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrpepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaeyOeI0IaamOzamaaBaaaleaacaWGWbaabeaakiabg2da9iaadAgadaWgaaWcbaGaeyOeI0IaamiCaaqabaaaaa@3CE9@
  • f p f q = f pq MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrpepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOzamaaBaaaleaacaWGWbaabeaakiabgkHiTiaadAgadaWgaaWcbaGaamyCaaqabaGccqGH9aqpcaWGMbWaaSbaaSqaaiaadchacqGHsislcaWGXbaabeaaaaa@3FF6@
  • f p f q = f pq MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrpepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOzamaaBaaaleaacaWGWbaabeaakiabgwSixlaadAgadaWgaaWcbaGaamyCaaqabaGccqGH9aqpcaWGMbWaaSbaaSqaaiaadchacqGHflY1caWGXbaabeaaaaa@42B0@
  • c f p = f cp MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrpepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaam4yaiabgwSixlaadAgadaWgaaWcbaGaamiCaaqabaGccqGH9aqpcaWGMbWaaSbaaSqaaiaadogacqGHflY1caWGWbaabeaaaaa@4173@

Zwar ist (R) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqr=epeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWefv3ySLgznfgDOjdaryqr1ngBPrginfgDObcv39gaiuaacqWFzecucaGGOaGaamOuaiaacMcaaaa@42CC@ nicht mehr abgeschlossen bzgl. der Division (so ist z.B. in () MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqr=epeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWefv3ySLgznfgDOjdaryqr1ngBPrginfgDObcv39gaiuaacqWFzecucaGGOaGaeSyhHeQaaiykaaaa@4365@ der Quotient 1 X MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaSaaaeaacaaIXaaabaGaamiwaaaaaaa@3790@ keine Polynomfunktion mehr), aber der Polynomring erlaubt eine Division mit Rest, die sog. Polynomdivision.

Bemerkung:  Ist p=( a i ) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrVepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiCaiabg2da9iaacIcacaWGHbWaaSbaaSqaaiaadMgaaeqaaOGaaiykaaaa@3B47@ ein Polynom vom Grad n und q=( b i ) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrVepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyCaiabg2da9iaacIcacaWGIbWaaSbaaSqaaiaadMgaaeqaaOGaaiykaaaa@3B49@ ein normiertes Polynom vom Grad mn MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrVepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyBaiabgsMiJkaad6gaaaa@3983@ , so gibt es Polynome s und r mit grads=gradpgradq MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaam4zaiaadkhacaWGHbGaamizaiaaykW7caWGZbGaeyypa0Jaam4zaiaadkhacaWGHbGaamizaiaaykW7caWGWbGaeyOeI0Iaam4zaiaadkhacaWGHbGaamizaiaaykW7caWGXbaaaa@4A79@ und gradr<gradq MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaam4zaiaadkhacaWGHbGaamizaiaaykW7caWGYbGaeyipaWJaam4zaiaadkhacaWGHbGaamizaiaaykW7caWGXbaaaa@4353@ , so dass

f p = f s f q + f r MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOzamaaBaaaleaacaWGWbaabeaakiabg2da9iaadAgadaWgaaWcbaGaam4CaaqabaGccqGHflY1caWGMbWaaSbaaSqaaiaadghaaeqaaOGaey4kaSIaamOzamaaBaaaleaacaWGYbaabeaaaaa@426E@ .
[4.5.9]

Ist R nullteilerfrei, so sind r und s eindeutig bestimmt.

Beweis:  Wir zeigen zunächst die Existenz von s und r und setzen dabei ein konstruktives Verfahren ein. Dadurch kann man in konkreten Beispielen die Polynome s und r auch wirklich ermitteln! Ein Maß für den zu leistenden Aufwand ist dabei die Graddifferenz k=nm0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrVepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaam4Aaiabg2da9iaad6gacqGHsislcaWGTbGaeyyzImRaaGimaaaa@3D31@ .

Per Rekursion (siehe [5.2.8]) konstruieren wir jetzt eine Folge p 0 ,, p k+1 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiCamaaBaaaleaacaaIWaaabeaakiaacYcacqWIMaYscaGGSaGaamiCamaaBaaaleaacaWGRbGaey4kaSIaaGymaaqabaaaaa@3DFD@ von k+2 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaam4AaiabgUcaRiaaikdaaaa@3876@ vielen Polynomen und beginnen mit p 0 p MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiCamaaBaaaleaacaaIWaaabeaakiabg2da9iaadchaaaa@39C8@ . Ist nun p i =( c i,0 ,) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiCamaaBaaaleaacaWGPbaabeaakiabg2da9iaacIcacaWGJbWaaSbaaSqaaiaadMgacaGGSaGaaGimaaqabaGccaGGSaGaeSOjGSKaaiykaaaa@3FA8@ bereits gegeben, so setzen wir p i+1 ( c i+1,0 ,) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiCamaaBaaaleaacaWGPbGaey4kaSIaaGymaaqabaGccqGH9aqpcaGGOaGaam4yamaaBaaaleaacaWGPbGaey4kaSIaaGymaiaacYcacaaIWaaabeaakiaacYcacqWIMaYscaGGPaaaaa@42E6@ , wobei

c i+1,j { c i,j    für   jki1 c i,j c i,ni b jk+i    für   j>ki1 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaam4yamaaBaaaleaacaWGPbGaey4kaSIaaGymaiaacYcacaWGQbaabeaakiabg2da9maaceaabaqbaeaabiqaaaqaaiaadogadaWgaaWcbaGaamyAaiaacYcacaWGQbaabeaakiaaysW7caqGMbGaaei=aiaabkhacaaMe8UaamOAaiabgsMiJkaadUgacqGHsislcaWGPbGaeyOeI0IaaGymaaqaaiaadogadaWgaaWcbaGaamyAaiaacYcacaWGQbaabeaakiabgkHiTiaadogadaWgaaWcbaGaamyAaiaacYcacaWGUbGaeyOeI0IaamyAaaqabaGccqGHflY1caWGIbWaaSbaaSqaaiaadQgacqGHsislcaWGRbGaey4kaSIaamyAaaqabaGccaaMe8UaaeOzaiaabYpacaqGYbGaaGjbVlaadQgacqGH+aGpcaWGRbGaeyOeI0IaamyAaiabgkHiTiaaigdaaaaacaGL7baaaaa@6D9B@ [0]

Wir zeigen zunächst per Induktion (siehe [5.2.2]) für alle 0ik+1 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaGimaiabgsMiJkaadMgacqGHKjYOcaWGRbGaey4kaSIaaGymaaaa@3D87@ :

grad p i ni MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaam4zaiaadkhacaWGHbGaamizaiaaykW7caWGWbWaaSbaaSqaaiaadMgaaeqaaOGaeyizImQaamOBaiabgkHiTiaadMgaaaa@41C1@ [1]
  • Da grad p 0 =gradp=nn0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaam4zaiaadkhacaWGHbGaamizaiaaykW7caWGWbWaaSbaaSqaaiaaicdaaeqaaOGaeyypa0Jaam4zaiaadkhacaWGHbGaamizaiaaykW7caWGWbGaeyypa0JaamOBaiabgsMiJkaad6gacqGHsislcaaIWaaaaa@4A8A@ , gilt die Aussage für den Fall i=0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyAaiabg2da9iaaicdaaaa@3896@ .
  • Sei jetzt grad p i ni MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaam4zaiaadkhacaWGHbGaamizaiaaykW7caWGWbWaaSbaaSqaaiaadMgaaeqaaOGaeyizImQaamOBaiabgkHiTiaadMgaaaa@41C1@ bereits gegeben, d.h. man hat c i,j =0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaam4yamaaBaaaleaacaWGPbGaaiilaiaadQgaaeqaaOGaeyypa0JaaGimaaaa@3B53@ für alle j>ni MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOAaiabg6da+iaad6gacqGHsislcaWGPbaaaa@3AAD@ . Ist nun j>n(i+1) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOAaiabg6da+iaad6gacqGHsislcaGGOaGaamyAaiabgUcaRiaaigdacaGGPaaaaa@3DA3@ , so ist insbesondere j>nm(i+1)=ki1 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOAaiabg6da+iaad6gacqGHsislcaWGTbGaeyOeI0IaaiikaiaadMgacqGHRaWkcaaIXaGaaiykaiabg2da9iaadUgacqGHsislcaWGPbGaeyOeI0IaaGymaaaa@44FB@ , also gemäß [0]:

    c i+1,j = c i,j c i,ni b jk+i MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaam4yamaaBaaaleaacaWGPbGaey4kaSIaaGymaiaacYcacaWGQbaabeaakiabg2da9iaadogadaWgaaWcbaGaamyAaiaacYcacaWGQbaabeaakiabgkHiTiaadogadaWgaaWcbaGaamyAaiaacYcacaWGUbGaeyOeI0IaamyAaaqabaGccqGHflY1caWGIbWaaSbaaSqaaiaadQgacqGHsislcaWGRbGaey4kaSIaamyAaaqabaaaaa@4E51@ .

    Wir unterscheiden nun zwei Fälle:

    1.   j>ni MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOAaiabg6da+iaad6gacqGHsislcaWGPbaaaa@3AAD@ , also auch jk+i>nik+i=m MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOAaiabgkHiTiaadUgacqGHRaWkcaWGPbGaeyOpa4JaamOBaiabgkHiTiaadMgacqGHsislcaWGRbGaey4kaSIaamyAaiabg2da9iaad2gaaaa@43FF@ . Dann aber ist c i,j =0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaam4yamaaBaaaleaacaWGPbGaaiilaiaadQgaaeqaaOGaeyypa0JaaGimaaaa@3B53@ und b jk+i =0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOyamaaBaaaleaacaWGQbGaeyOeI0Iaam4AaiabgUcaRiaadMgaaeqaaOGaeyypa0JaaGimaaaa@3D61@ , man hat also: c i+1,j =0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaam4yamaaBaaaleaacaWGPbGaey4kaSIaaGymaiaacYcacaWGQbaabeaakiabg2da9iaaicdaaaa@3CF0@ .

    2.   j=ni MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOAaiabg2da9iaad6gacqGHsislcaWGPbaaaa@3AAB@ . Da b m =1 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOyamaaBaaaleaacaWGTbaabeaakiabg2da9iaaigdaaaa@39B8@ , hat man hier:

    c i+1,j = c i,ni c i,ni b nik+i = c i,ni c i,ni b m =0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=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@6539@ .

    Damit ist aber grad p i+1 n(i+1) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaam4zaiaadkhacaWGHbGaamizaiaaykW7caWGWbWaaSbaaSqaaiaadMgacqGHRaWkcaaIXaaabeaakiabgsMiJkaad6gacqGHsislcaGGOaGaamyAaiabgUcaRiaaigdacaGGPaaaaa@4654@ sichergestellt.

Diese Information über grad p i MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaam4zaiaadkhacaWGHbGaamizaiaaykW7caWGWbWaaSbaaSqaaiaadMgaaeqaaaaa@3D34@ erlaubt es nun, die Rekursion [0] auf die Polynomfunktionen zu übertragen. Für 0ik MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaGimaiabgsMiJkaadMgacqGHKjYOcaWGRbaaaa@3BEA@ ist

f p i = c i,ni X ki f q + f p i+1 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOzamaaBaaaleaacaWGWbWaaSbaaWqaaiaadMgaaeqaaaWcbeaakiabg2da9iaadogadaWgaaWcbaGaamyAaiaacYcacaWGUbGaeyOeI0IaamyAaaqabaGccaWGybWaaWbaaSqabeaacaWGRbGaeyOeI0IaamyAaaaakiabgwSixlaadAgadaWgaaWcbaGaamyCaaqabaGccqGHRaWkcaWGMbWaaSbaaSqaaiaadchadaWgaaadbaGaamyAaiabgUcaRiaaigdaaeqaaaWcbeaaaaa@4DA5@ .[2]

Beweis:

f p i+1 + c i,ni X ki f q = j=0 ni1 c i+1,j X j + c i,ni X ki j=0 m b j X j = j=0 ki1 c i,j X j + j=ki ni1 ( c i,j c i,ni b jk+i ) X j + j=ki m+ki =ni c i,ni b jk+i X j = j=0 ni1 c i,j X j + c i,ni b nik+i = b m =1 X ni = j=0 ni c i,j X j = f p i MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=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@030C@

Mit einem zweiten Induktionsbeweis zeigen wir jetzt für alle 0ik MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaGimaiabgsMiJkaadMgacqGHKjYOcaWGRbaaaa@3BEA@ :

f p =( j=0 i c j,nj X kj ) f q + f p i+1 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOzamaaBaaaleaacaWGWbaabeaakiabg2da9iaacIcadaaeWbqaaiaadogadaWgaaWcbaGaamOAaiaacYcacaWGUbGaeyOeI0IaamOAaaqabaGccaWGybWaaWbaaSqabeaacaWGRbGaeyOeI0IaamOAaaaaaeaacaWGQbGaeyypa0JaaGimaaqaaiaadMgaa0GaeyyeIuoakiaacMcacqGHflY1caWGMbWaaSbaaSqaaiaadghaaeqaaOGaey4kaSIaamOzamaaBaaaleaacaWGWbWaaSbaaWqaaiaadMgacqGHRaWkcaaIXaaabeaaaSqabaaaaa@53AF@  .[3]
  • Für i=0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyAaiabg2da9iaaicdaaaa@3896@ erhält man aus [2]:
    f p = f p 0 = c 0,n0 X k0 f q + f p 1 =( j=0 0 c j,nj X kj ) f q + f p 1 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=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@67D8@ .
  • Ist die Aussage für ein i wahr und i+1k MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyAaiabgUcaRiaaigdacqGHKjYOcaWGRbaaaa@3B18@ , so hat man wieder mit [2]:
    f p =( j=0 i c j,nj X kj ) f q + f p i+1 =( j=0 i c j,nj X kj ) f q + c i+1,n(i+1) X k(i+1) f q + f p i+2 =( j=0 i+1 c j,nj X kj ) f q + f p i+2 . MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaqbaeaabmGaaaqaaiaadAgadaWgaaWcbaGaamiCaaqabaaakeaacqGH9aqpcaGGOaWaaabCaeaacaWGJbWaaSbaaSqaaiaadQgacaGGSaGaamOBaiabgkHiTiaadQgaaeqaaOGaamiwamaaCaaaleqabaGaam4AaiabgkHiTiaadQgaaaaabaGaamOAaiabg2da9iaaicdaaeaacaWGPbaaniabggHiLdGccaGGPaGaeyyXICTaamOzamaaBaaaleaacaWGXbaabeaakiabgUcaRiaadAgadaWgaaWcbaGaamiCamaaBaaameaacaWGPbGaey4kaSIaaGymaaqabaaaleqaaaGcbaaabaGaeyypa0JaaiikamaaqahabaGaam4yamaaBaaaleaacaWGQbGaaiilaiaad6gacqGHsislcaWGQbaabeaakiaadIfadaahaaWcbeqaaiaadUgacqGHsislcaWGQbaaaaqaaiaadQgacqGH9aqpcaaIWaaabaGaamyAaaqdcqGHris5aOGaaiykaiabgwSixlaadAgadaWgaaWcbaGaamyCaaqabaGccqGHRaWkcaWGJbWaaSbaaSqaaiaadMgacqGHRaWkcaaIXaGaaiilaiaad6gacqGHsislcaGGOaGaamyAaiabgUcaRiaaigdacaGGPaaabeaakiaadIfadaahaaWcbeqaaiaadUgacqGHsislcaGGOaGaamyAaiabgUcaRiaaigdacaGGPaaaaOGaeyyXICTaamOzamaaBaaaleaacaWGXbaabeaakiabgUcaRiaadAgadaWgaaWcbaGaamiCamaaBaaameaacaWGPbGaey4kaSIaaGOmaaqabaaaleqaaaGcbaaabaGaeyypa0JaaiikamaaqahabaGaam4yamaaBaaaleaacaWGQbGaaiilaiaad6gacqGHsislcaWGQbaabeaakiaadIfadaahaaWcbeqaaiaadUgacqGHsislcaWGQbaaaaqaaiaadQgacqGH9aqpcaaIWaaabaGaamyAaiabgUcaRiaaigdaa0GaeyyeIuoakiaacMcacqGHflY1caWGMbWaaSbaaSqaaiaadghaaeqaaOGaey4kaSIaamOzamaaBaaaleaacaWGWbWaaSbaaWqaaiaadMgacqGHRaWkcaaIYaaabeaaaSqabaaaaaaa@A30B@

Mit i=k MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyAaiabg2da9iaadUgaaaa@38CC@ erhalten wir aus [3] schließlich

f p =( j=0 k c j,nj X kj ) f q + f p k+1 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOzamaaBaaaleaacaWGWbaabeaakiabg2da9iaacIcadaaeWbqaaiaadogadaWgaaWcbaGaamOAaiaacYcacaWGUbGaeyOeI0IaamOAaaqabaGccaWGybWaaWbaaSqabeaacaWGRbGaeyOeI0IaamOAaaaaaeaacaWGQbGaeyypa0JaaGimaaqaaiaadUgaa0GaeyyeIuoakiaacMcacqGHflY1caWGMbWaaSbaaSqaaiaadghaaeqaaOGaey4kaSIaamOzamaaBaaaleaacaWGWbWaaSbaaWqaaiaadUgacqGHRaWkcaaIXaaabeaaaSqabaaaaa@53B3@ ,

so dass mit s( c k,nk , c k1,nk+1 ,, c 0,n ,0,) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaam4Caiabg2da9iaacIcacaWGJbWaaSbaaSqaaiaadUgacaGGSaGaamOBaiabgkHiTiaadUgaaeqaaOGaaiilaiaadogadaWgaaWcbaGaam4AaiabgkHiTiaaigdacaGGSaGaamOBaiabgkHiTiaadUgacqGHRaWkcaaIXaaabeaakiaacYcacqWIMaYscaGGSaGaam4yamaaBaaaleaacaaIWaGaaiilaiaad6gaaeqaaOGaaiilaiaaicdacaGGSaGaeSOjGSKaaiykaaaa@5189@ und r p k+1 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOCaiabg2da9iaadchadaWgaaWcbaGaam4AaiabgUcaRiaaigdaaeqaaaaa@3B93@ die Existenz von s und r gesichert ist, denn [1] garantiert, dass

gradr=grad p k+1 n(k+1)=m1<m=gradq MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaam4zaiaadkhacaWGHbGaamizaiaaykW7caWGYbGaeyypa0Jaam4zaiaadkhacaWGHbGaamizaiaaykW7caWGWbWaaSbaaSqaaiaadUgacqGHRaWkcaaIXaaabeaakiabgsMiJkaad6gacqGHsislcaGGOaGaam4AaiabgUcaRiaaigdacaGGPaGaeyypa0JaamyBaiabgkHiTiaaigdacqGH8aapcaWGTbGaeyypa0Jaam4zaiaadkhacaWGHbGaamizaiaaykW7caWGXbaaaa@5A61@
 
und da c n = a n 0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaam4yamaaBaaaleaacaWGUbaabeaakiabg2da9iaadggadaWgaaWcbaGaamOBaaqabaGccqGHGjsUcaaIWaaaaa@3D8F@ , hat man auch: grads=k=nm=gradpgradq MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaam4zaiaadkhacaWGHbGaamizaiaaykW7caWGZbGaeyypa0Jaam4Aaiabg2da9iaad6gacqGHsislcaWGTbGaeyypa0Jaam4zaiaadkhacaWGHbGaamizaiaaykW7caWGWbGaeyOeI0Iaam4zaiaadkhacaWGHbGaamizaiaaykW7caWGXbaaaa@5043@ .

Nun zur Eindeutigkeit: Angenommen s' und r', grad r <m MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaam4zaiaadkhacaWGHbGaamizaiaaykW7ceWGYbGbauaacqGH8aapcaWGTbaaaa@3E1E@ , seien zwei weitere Polynome, so dass p= s q+ r MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiCaiabg2da9iqadohagaqbaiabgwSixlaadghacqGHRaWkceWGYbGbauaaaaa@3E0C@ . Dann hat man aber sq+r= s q+ r MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaam4CaiabgwSixlaadghacqGHRaWkcaWGYbGaeyypa0Jabm4CayaafaGaeyyXICTaamyCaiabgUcaRiqadkhagaqbaaaa@4328@ und damit

(s s )q= r r MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaiikaiaadohacqGHsislceWGZbGbauaacaGGPaGaeyyXICTaamyCaiabg2da9iqadkhagaqbaiabgkHiTiaadkhaaaa@4157@ .

Ist s= s MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaam4Caiabg2da9iqadohagaqbaaaa@38EA@ , also s s =0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaam4CaiabgkHiTiqadohagaqbaiabg2da9iaaicdaaaa@3A91@ , so ist auch r= r MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOCaiabg2da9iqadkhagaqbaaaa@38E8@ . Falls s s MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaam4CaiabgcMi5kqadohagaqbaaaa@39AB@ , gilt gemäß Gradformel [4.5.5]:

mgrad(s s )+m=grad((ss)q)=grad( r r)<m MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyBaiabgsMiJkaadEgacaWGYbGaamyyaiaadsgacaaMc8UaaiikaiaadohacqGHsislceWGZbGbauaacaGGPaGaey4kaSIaamyBaiabg2da9iaadEgacaWGYbGaamyyaiaadsgacaaMc8UaaiikaiaacIcacaWGZbGaeyOeI0Iaam4CaiaacEcacaGGPaGaeyyXICTaamyCaiaacMcacqGH9aqpcaWGNbGaamOCaiaadggacaWGKbGaaGPaVlaacIcaceWGYbGbauaacqGHsislcaWGYbGaaiykaiabgYda8iaad2gaaaa@6018@ .

- Widerspruch.

Wir üben die Polynomdivision anhand der im Beweis eingeführten Rekursion auf einer eigenen Seite. Dort gibt es auch ein Formular, mit dem beliebige Polynomdivisionen durchgeführt werden können.  

Der Darstellungssatz [4.5.9] ist sehr hilfreich bei der Untersuchung der Nullstellen von Polynomfunktionen. Wir halten zunächst fest, dass die Nullstellensuche und das Lösen von Gleichungen höheren Grades dieselben Probleme darstellen. Ist nämlich f p = i=0 n a i X i MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOzamaaBaaaleaacaWGWbaabeaakiabg2da9maaqahabaGaamyyamaaBaaaleaacaWGPbaabeaakiaadIfadaahaaWcbeqaaiaadMgaaaaabaGaamyAaiabg2da9iaaicdaaeaacaWGUbaaniabggHiLdaaaa@42DE@ , so hat man:

f p (x)=0 a n x n ++ a 1 x+ a 0 =0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOzamaaBaaaleaacaWGWbaabeaakiaacIcacaWG4bGaaiykaiabg2da9iaaicdacaaMf8Uaeyi1HSTaaGzbVlaadggadaWgaaWcbaGaamOBaaqabaGccaWG4bWaaWbaaSqabeaacaWGUbaaaOGaey4kaSIaeSOjGSKaey4kaSIaamyyamaaBaaaleaacaaIXaaabeaakiaadIhacqGHRaWkcaWGHbWaaSbaaSqaaiaaicdaaeqaaOGaeyypa0JaaGimaaaa@4FF4@ .
 

Der folgende Satz nennt ein wichtiges Kriterium für die Existenz einer Nullstelle von f p MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOzamaaBaaaleaacaWGWbaabeaaaaa@37F4@ .

Bemerkung:  Ist p ein Polynom vom Grad n1 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOBaiabgwMiZkaaigdaaaa@395C@ und cR MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaam4yaiabgIGiolaadkfaaaa@392B@ . Ist f p MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOzamaaBaaaleaacaWGWbaabeaaaaa@37F4@ nicht die Nullfunktion, so gilt:

f p (c)=0 es gibt ein Polynom   s   vom Grad   n1,   so dass f p = f s (Xc) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaqbaeaabmGaaaqaaaqaaiaadAgadaWgaaWcbaGaamiCaaqabaGccaGGOaGaam4yaiaacMcacqGH9aqpcaaIWaaabaGaeyi1HSTaaGPaVdqaaiaabwgacaqGZbGaaeiiaiaabEgacaqGPbGaaeOyaiaabshacaqGGaGaaeyzaiaabMgacaqGUbGaaeiiaiaabcfacaqGVbGaaeiBaiaabMhacaqGUbGaae4Baiaab2gacaaMe8Uaam4CaiaaysW7caqG2bGaae4Baiaab2gacaqGGaGaae4raiaabkhacaqGHbGaaeizaiaaysW7caWGUbGaeyOeI0IaaGymaiaacYcacaaMe8Uaae4Caiaab+gacaqGGaGaaeizaiaabggacaqGZbGaae4CaaqaaaqaaiaadAgadaWgaaWcbaGaamiCaaqabaGccqGH9aqpcaWGMbWaaSbaaSqaaiaadohaaeqaaOGaeyyXICTaaiikaiaadIfacqGHsislcaWGJbGaaiykaaaaaaa@7404@
[4.5.10]

c ist also genau dann Nullstelle von f p MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOzamaaBaaaleaacaWGWbaabeaaaaa@37F4@ , wenn sich (und das ist der hier übliche Sprachgebrauch) "der zu c gehörige Linearfaktor  (Xc) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaiikaiaadIfacqGHsislcaWGJbGaaiykaaaa@39F3@ von f p MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOzamaaBaaaleaacaWGWbaabeaaaaa@37F4@ abspalten lässt".

Beweis:   "" MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaiOiaiabgkDiElaackcaaaa@3991@ :  Da Xc= f (c,1,0,) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiwaiabgkHiTiaadogacqGH9aqpcaWGMbWaaSbaaSqaaiaacIcacqGHsislcaWGJbGaaiilaiaaigdacaGGSaGaaGimaiaacYcacqWIMaYscaGGPaaabeaaaaa@4290@ gibt es gemäß [4.5.9] Polynome s und r mit grads=n1 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaam4zaiaadkhacaWGHbGaamizaiaaykW7caWGZbGaeyypa0JaamOBaiabgkHiTiaaigdaaaa@3FBE@ und gradr<1 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaam4zaiaadkhacaWGHbGaamizaiaaykW7caWGYbGaeyipaWJaaGymaaaa@3DDB@ , also gradr0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaam4zaiaadkhacaWGHbGaamizaiaaykW7caWGYbGaeyizImQaaGimaaaa@3E8B@ , so dass

f p = f s (Xc)+ f r MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOzamaaBaaaleaacaWGWbaabeaakiabg2da9iaadAgadaWgaaWcbaGaam4CaaqabaGccqGHflY1caGGOaGaamiwaiabgkHiTiaadogacaGGPaGaey4kaSIaamOzamaaBaaaleaacaWGYbaabeaaaaa@4462@ .

Ist jetzt c Nullstelle von f p MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOzamaaBaaaleaacaWGWbaabeaaaaa@37F4@ , so weiß man:

0= f p (c)= f s (c)(cc)+ f r (c)=0+ f r (c)= f r (c) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaGimaiabg2da9iaadAgadaWgaaWcbaGaamiCaaqabaGccaGGOaGaam4yaiaacMcacqGH9aqpcaWGMbWaaSbaaSqaaiaadohaaeqaaOGaaiikaiaadogacaGGPaGaeyyXICTaaiikaiaadogacqGHsislcaWGJbGaaiykaiabgUcaRiaadAgadaWgaaWcbaGaamOCaaqabaGccaGGOaGaam4yaiaacMcacqGH9aqpcaaIWaGaey4kaSIaamOzamaaBaaaleaacaWGYbaabeaakiaacIcacaWGJbGaaiykaiabg2da9iaadAgadaWgaaWcbaGaamOCaaqabaGccaGGOaGaam4yaiaacMcaaaa@5954@ .

Beachtet man, dass aufgrund der Gradbeschränkung von r die Polynomfunktion f r MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOzamaaBaaaleaacaWGYbaabeaaaaa@37F6@ konstant ist, hat man f r =0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOzamaaBaaaleaacaWGYbaabeaakiabg2da9iaaicdaaaa@39C0@ , also: f p = f s (Xc) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOzamaaBaaaleaacaWGWbaabeaakiabg2da9iaadAgadaWgaaWcbaGaam4CaaqabaGccqGHflY1caGGOaGaamiwaiabgkHiTiaadogacaGGPaaaaa@4172@ .

"" MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaiOiaiabgcDiClaackcaaaa@398D@ :  Ist f p = f s (Xc) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOzamaaBaaaleaacaWGWbaabeaakiabg2da9iaadAgadaWgaaWcbaGaam4CaaqabaGccqGHflY1caGGOaGaamiwaiabgkHiTiaadogacaGGPaaaaa@4172@ , so hat man: f p (c)= f s (c)(cc)=0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOzamaaBaaaleaacaWGWbaabeaakiaacIcacaWGJbGaaiykaiabg2da9iaadAgadaWgaaWcbaGaam4CaaqabaGccaGGOaGaam4yaiaacMcacqGHflY1caGGOaGaam4yaiabgkHiTiaadogacaGGPaGaeyypa0JaaGimaaaa@47BF@ .

In manchen Fällen ist c nicht nur eine Nullstelle von f p MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOzamaaBaaaleaacaWGWbaabeaaaaa@37F4@ , sondern darüber hinaus auch von f s MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOzamaaBaaaleaacaWGZbaabeaaaaa@37F7@ , so dass sich auch von f s MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOzamaaBaaaleaacaWGZbaabeaaaaa@37F7@ der Linearfaktor Xc MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiwaiabgkHiTiaadogaaaa@389A@ abspalten lässt. Die Darstellung f p = f s (Xc)(Xc) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOzamaaBaaaleaacaWGWbaabeaakiabg2da9iaadAgadaWgaaWcbaGaam4CaaqabaGccqGHflY1caGGOaGaamiwaiabgkHiTiaadogacaGGPaGaeyyXICTaaiikaiaadIfacqGHsislcaWGJbGaaiykaaaa@47C7@ (mit einem neuen f s MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOzamaaBaaaleaacaWGZbaabeaaaaa@37F7@ ) lesen wir dann so, dass Xc MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiwaiabgkHiTiaadogaaaa@389A@ zweimal von f p MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOzamaaBaaaleaacaWGWbaabeaaaaa@37F4@ abgespaltet werden konnte. Dieses Konzept der mehrfachen Abspaltbarkeit führt zu einer Verschärfung von [4.5.10].

Bemerkung:  Es sei p ein Polynom vom Grad n1 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOBaiabgwMiZkaaigdaaaa@395C@ und cR MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaam4yaiabgIGiolaadkfaaaa@392B@ . Ist f p MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOzamaaBaaaleaacaWGWbaabeaaaaa@37F4@ nicht die Nullfunktion, so gilt:

f p (c)=0 es gibt   ein   1in, ein   s   vom Grad   ni,   so dass    f s (c)0   und    f p = f s (Xc) i MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=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@8913@
[4.5.11]

Ist R nullteilerfrei, so ist die Zahl i eindeutig bestimmt. Wir nennen sie die Ordnung (oder die Vielfachheit) der Nullstelle c.

Beweis:  Die Richtung " MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaeyi0HWnaaa@3841@ " ist trivial. Zum Nachweis der Richtung " MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaeyO0H4naaa@3845@ " betrachten wir die Menge

M={j ,   jn|   es gibt ein   s   vom Grad   nj,   so dass    f p = f s (Xc) j } MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=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@76F3@ .

Sie ist nicht leer, da nach [4.5.10] 1 zu M gehört, und beschränkt (durch n). Zu

imaxM{1,,n} MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyAaiabg2da9iGac2gacaGGHbGaaiiEaiaad2eacqGHiiIZcaGG7bGaaGymaiaacYcacqWIMaYscaGGSaGaamOBaiaac2haaaa@4336@

gibt es zunächst ein Polynom s vom Grad ni MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOBaiabgkHiTiaadMgaaaa@38B6@ , so dass f p = f s (Xc) i MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOzamaaBaaaleaacaWGWbaabeaakiabg2da9iaadAgadaWgaaWcbaGaam4CaaqabaGccqGHflY1caGGOaGaamiwaiabgkHiTiaadogacaGGPaWaaWbaaSqabeaacaWGPbaaaaaa@428D@ . Ist i=n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyAaiabg2da9iaad6gaaaa@38CF@ , so ist f s MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOzamaaBaaaleaacaWGZbaabeaaaaa@37F7@ konstant, und zwar von Null verschieden, denn sonst wäre auch f p MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOzamaaBaaaleaacaWGWbaabeaaaaa@37F4@ die Nullfunktion. Also ist insbesondere f s (c)0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOzamaaBaaaleaacaWGZbaabeaakiaacIcacaWGJbGaaiykaiabgcMi5kaaicdaaaa@3CC3@ . Dies gilt auch im Fall i<n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyAaiabgYda8iaad6gaaaa@38CD@ , denn andernsfalls gäbe es nach [4.5.10] ein s ¯ MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGabm4Cayaaraaaaa@36F8@ vom Grad ni1=n(i+1) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOBaiabgkHiTiaadMgacqGHsislcaaIXaGaeyypa0JaamOBaiabgkHiTiaacIcacaWGPbGaey4kaSIaaGymaiaacMcaaaa@4128@ mit f s = f s ¯ (Xc) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOzamaaBaaaleaacaWGZbaabeaakiabg2da9iaadAgadaWgaaWcbaGabm4CayaaraaabeaakiabgwSixlaacIcacaWGybGaeyOeI0Iaam4yaiaacMcaaaa@418D@ , also f p = f s ¯ (Xc) i+1 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOzamaaBaaaleaacaWGWbaabeaakiabg2da9iaadAgadaWgaaWcbaGabm4CayaaraaabeaakiabgwSixlaacIcacaWGybGaeyOeI0Iaam4yaiaacMcadaahaaWcbeqaaiaadMgacqGHRaWkcaaIXaaaaaaa@4442@ , im Widerspruch zur Maximalität von i.

Sei nun R nullteilerfrei und s ¯ MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGabm4Cayaaraaaaa@36F8@ ein weiteres Polynom, so dass f s ¯ (c)0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOzamaaBaaaleaaceWGZbGbaebaaeqaaOGaaiikaiaadogacaGGPaGaeyiyIKRaaGimaaaa@3CDB@ und f p = f s ¯ (Xc) j MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOzamaaBaaaleaacaWGWbaabeaakiabg2da9iaadAgadaWgaaWcbaGabm4CayaaraaabeaakiabgwSixlaacIcacaWGybGaeyOeI0Iaam4yaiaacMcadaahaaWcbeqaaiaadQgaaaaaaa@42A6@ . j ist damit ein Element von M, d.h. ji MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOAaiabgsMiJkaadMgaaaa@397A@ . Falls nun j<i MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOAaiabgYda8iaadMgaaaa@38C9@ hat man

f s ¯ (Xc) j = f p = f s (Xc) ij (Xc) j MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOzamaaBaaaleaaceWGZbGbaebaaeqaaOGaeyyXICTaaiikaiaadIfacqGHsislcaWGJbGaaiykamaaCaaaleqabaGaamOAaaaakiabg2da9iaadAgadaWgaaWcbaGaamiCaaqabaGccqGH9aqpcaWGMbWaaSbaaSqaaiaadohaaeqaaOGaeyyXICTaaiikaiaadIfacqGHsislcaWGJbGaaiykamaaCaaaleqabaGaamyAaiabgkHiTiaadQgaaaGccqGHflY1caGGOaGaamiwaiabgkHiTiaadogacaGGPaWaaWbaaSqabeaacaWGQbaaaaaa@5696@ .

Mit der Eindeutigkeitsaussage in [4.5.9] (mit r=0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOCaiabg2da9iaaicdaaaa@389F@ ) ergibt sich daraus die Gleichheit f s ¯ = f s (Xc) ij MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOzamaaBaaaleaaceWGZbGbaebaaeqaaOGaeyypa0JaamOzamaaBaaaleaacaWGZbaabeaakiabgwSixlaacIcacaWGybGaeyOeI0Iaam4yaiaacMcadaahaaWcbeqaaiaadMgacqGHsislcaWGQbaaaaaa@4484@ und damit der Widerspruch f s ¯ (c)=0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOzamaaBaaaleaaceWGZbGbaebaaeqaaOGaaiikaiaadogacaGGPaGaeyypa0JaaGimaaaa@3C1A@ .

Beachte:

  • Eine mehrfache Nullstelle c von f p MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrVepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOzamaaBaaaleaacaWGWbaabeaaaaa@37F5@ ist auch eine gewöhnliche Nullstelle, denn man hat ja: f p (c)= f s (c) (cc) i =0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOzamaaBaaaleaacaWGWbaabeaakiaacIcacaWGJbGaaiykaiabg2da9iaadAgadaWgaaWcbaGaam4CaaqabaGccaGGOaGaam4yaiaacMcacqGHflY1caGGOaGaam4yaiabgkHiTiaadogacaGGPaWaaWbaaSqabeaacaWGPbaaaOGaeyypa0JaaGimaaaa@48E4@ .

  • In nullteilerfreien Ringen ist jede Nullstelle c von f p MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrVepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOzamaaBaaaleaacaWGWbaabeaaaaa@37F5@ eine mehrfache Nullstelle mit einer eindeutig bestimmten Ordnung 1 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqr=epeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaeyyzImRaaGymaaaa@386B@ .

Durch Iteration von [4.5.11] erhält man für nullteilerfreie Ringe auch ein Kriterium für mehrere Nullstellen einer Polynomfunktion:

Bemerkung:  R sei nullteilerfrei, p ein Polynom vom Grad n1 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOBaiabgwMiZkaaigdaaaa@395C@ und 1kn MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaGymaiabgsMiJkaadUgacqGHKjYOcaWGUbaaaa@3BF0@ . Ist f p MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOzamaaBaaaleaacaWGWbaabeaaaaa@37F4@ nicht die Nullfunktion, so gilt für paarweise verschiedene Elemente c 1 ,, c k R MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaam4yamaaBaaaleaacaaIXaaabeaakiaacYcacqWIMaYscaGGSaGaam4yamaaBaaaleaacaWGRbaabeaakiabgIGiolaadkfaaaa@3EAC@ :

c 1 ,, c k    sind Nullstellen von    f p es gibt    i 1 ,, i k , i 1 ++ i k n,   und ein   s   vom Grad   n( i 1 ++ i k ),   so dass f s ( c j )0 f p = f s (X c 1 ) i 1 (X c k ) i k MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=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@C298@
[4.5.12]

Beweis:  Die Richtung " MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaiOiaiabgcDiClaackcaaaa@398D@ " ist trivial, denn als Nullstelle von X c j MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiwaiabgkHiTiaadogadaWgaaWcbaGaamOAaaqabaaaaa@39B5@ ist c j MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaam4yamaaBaaaleaacaWGQbaabeaaaaa@37EB@ automatisch auch Nullstelle von f p MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOzamaaBaaaleaacaWGWbaabeaaaaa@37F4@ . Für " MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaiOiaiabgkDiElaackcaaaa@3991@ " führen wir einen Induktionsbeweis:

  • Ist k=1 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaam4Aaiabg2da9iaaigdaaaa@3899@ , so liegt die Situation [4.5.11] vor.

  • Sei [4.5.12] jetzt für ein k<n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaam4AaiabgYda8iaad6gaaaa@38CF@ bereits wahr. Sind c 1 ,, c k , c k+1 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaam4yamaaBaaaleaacaaIXaaabeaakiaacYcacqWIMaYscaGGSaGaam4yamaaBaaaleaacaWGRbaabeaakiaacYcacaWGJbWaaSbaaSqaaiaadUgacqGHRaWkcaaIXaaabeaaaaa@40A2@ paarweise verschiedene Nullstellen von f p MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOzamaaBaaaleaacaWGWbaabeaaaaa@37F4@ , so gibt es zunächst geeignete i j MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyAamaaBaaaleaacaWGQbaabeaaaaa@37F1@ und ein Polynom s vom Grad n( i 1 ++ i k ) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOBaiabgkHiTiaacIcacaWGPbWaaSbaaSqaaiaaigdaaeqaaOGaey4kaSIaeSOjGSKaey4kaSIaamyAamaaBaaaleaacaWGRbaabeaakiaacMcaaaa@3FFA@ , so dass

    f s ( c j )0 f p = f s (X c 1 ) i 1 (X c k ) i k MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOzamaaBaaaleaacaWGZbaabeaakiaacIcacaWGJbWaaSbaaSqaaiaadQgaaeqaaOGaaiykaiabgcMi5kaaicdacaaMf8Uaey4jIKTaaGzbVlaadAgadaWgaaWcbaGaamiCaaqabaGccqGH9aqpcaWGMbWaaSbaaSqaaiaadohaaeqaaOGaeyyXICTaaiikaiaadIfacqGHsislcaWGJbWaaSbaaSqaaiaaigdaaeqaaOGaaiykamaaCaaaleqabaGaamyAamaaBaaameaacaaIXaaabeaaaaGccqGHflY1cqWIMaYscqGHflY1caGGOaGaamiwaiabgkHiTiaadogadaWgaaWcbaGaam4AaaqabaGccaGGPaWaaWbaaSqabeaacaWGPbWaaSbaaWqaaiaadUgaaeqaaaaaaaa@5E59@ .

    Insbesondere ist f s MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOzamaaBaaaleaacaWGZbaabeaaaaa@37F7@ nicht die Nullfunktion. Ferner ist gemäß Voraussetzung c k+1 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaam4yamaaBaaaleaacaWGRbGaey4kaSIaaGymaaqabaaaaa@3989@ von allen c j MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaam4yamaaBaaaleaacaWGQbaabeaaaaa@37EB@ verschieden. Da R nullteilerfrei ist, hat man ( c k+1 c 1 ) i 1 ( c k+1 c k ) i k 0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaiikaiaadogadaWgaaWcbaGaam4AaiabgUcaRiaaigdaaeqaaOGaeyOeI0Iaam4yamaaBaaaleaacaaIXaaabeaakiaacMcadaahaaWcbeqaaiaadMgadaWgaaadbaGaaGymaaqabaaaaOGaeyyXICTaeSOjGSKaeyyXICTaaiikaiaadogadaWgaaWcbaGaam4AaiabgUcaRiaaigdaaeqaaOGaeyOeI0Iaam4yamaaBaaaleaacaWGRbaabeaakiaacMcadaahaaWcbeqaaiaadMgadaWgaaadbaGaam4AaaqabaaaaOGaeyiyIKRaaGimaaaa@5237@ . Mit f p ( c k+1 )=0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOzamaaBaaaleaacaWGWbaabeaakiaacIcacaWGJbWaaSbaaSqaaiaadUgacqGHRaWkcaaIXaaabeaakiaacMcacqGH9aqpcaaIWaaaaa@3EC2@ ist, noch einmal mit dem Argument "nullteilerfrei", auch f s ( c k+1 )=0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOzamaaBaaaleaacaWGZbaabeaakiaacIcacaWGJbWaaSbaaSqaaiaadUgacqGHRaWkcaaIXaaabeaakiaacMcacqGH9aqpcaaIWaaaaa@3EC5@ . Da f s 0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOzamaaBaaaleaacaWGZbaabeaakiabgcMi5kaaicdaaaa@3A82@ kann f s MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOzamaaBaaaleaacaWGZbaabeaaaaa@37F7@ nicht konstant sein, d.h. grads1 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaam4zaiaadkhacaWGHbGaamizaiaaykW7caWGZbGaeyyzImRaaGymaaaa@3E9E@ .

    Daher gibt es nach [4.5.11] nun ein i k+1 {1,,grad   s} MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyAamaaBaaaleaacaWGRbGaey4kaSIaaGymaaqabaGccqGHiiIZcaGG7bGaaGymaiaacYcacqWIMaYscaGGSaGaam4zaiaadkhacaWGHbGaamizaiaaysW7caWGZbGaaiyFaaaa@4691@ und ein Polynom s ¯ MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGabm4Cayaaraaaaa@36F8@ vom Grad grads i k+1 =n( i 1 ++ i k+1 ) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaam4zaiaadkhacaWGHbGaamizaiaaykW7caWGZbGaeyOeI0IaamyAamaaBaaaleaacaWGRbGaey4kaSIaaGymaaqabaGccqGH9aqpcaWGUbGaeyOeI0IaaiikaiaadMgadaWgaaWcbaGaaGymaaqabaGccqGHRaWkcqWIMaYscqGHRaWkcaWGPbWaaSbaaSqaaiaadUgacqGHRaWkcaaIXaaabeaakiaacMcaaaa@4D70@ , so dass f s ¯ ( c k+1 )0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOzamaaBaaaleaaceWGZbGbaebaaeqaaOGaaiikaiaadogadaWgaaWcbaGaam4AaiabgUcaRiaaigdaaeqaaOGaaiykaiabgcMi5kaaicdaaaa@3F9E@ und f s = f s ¯ (X c k+1 ) i k+1 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOzamaaBaaaleaacaWGZbaabeaakiabg2da9iaadAgadaWgaaWcbaGabm4CayaaraaabeaakiabgwSixlaacIcacaWGybGaeyOeI0Iaam4yamaaBaaaleaacaWGRbGaey4kaSIaaGymaaqabaGccaGGPaWaaWbaaSqabeaacaWGPbWaaSbaaWqaaiaadUgacqGHRaWkcaaIXaaabeaaaaaaaa@4825@ [4]. Insgesamt hat man also:

    f p = f s ¯ (X c 1 ) i 1 (X c k ) i k (X c k+1 ) i k+1 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOzamaaBaaaleaacaWGWbaabeaakiabg2da9iaadAgadaWgaaWcbaGabm4CayaaraaabeaakiabgwSixlaacIcacaWGybGaeyOeI0Iaam4yamaaBaaaleaacaaIXaaabeaakiaacMcadaahaaWcbeqaaiaadMgadaWgaaadbaGaaGymaaqabaaaaOGaeyyXICTaeSOjGSKaeyyXICTaaiikaiaadIfacqGHsislcaWGJbWaaSbaaSqaaiaadUgaaeqaaOGaaiykamaaCaaaleqabaGaamyAamaaBaaameaacaWGRbaabeaaaaGccqGHflY1caGGOaGaamiwaiabgkHiTiaadogadaWgaaWcbaGaam4AaiabgUcaRiaaigdaaeqaaOGaaiykamaaCaaaleqabaGaamyAamaaBaaameaacaWGRbGaey4kaSIaaGymaaqabaaaaaaa@5E9E@

    Schließlich ist auch f s ¯ ( c j )0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOzamaaBaaaleaaceWGZbGbaebaaeqaaOGaaiikaiaadogadaWgaaWcbaGaamOAaaqabaGccaGGPaGaeyiyIKRaaGimaaaa@3E00@ für die ersten k Nullstellen, denn andernfalls wäre nach [4] auch f s ( c j )=0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOzamaaBaaaleaacaWGZbaabeaakiaacIcacaWGJbWaaSbaaSqaaiaadQgaaeqaaOGaaiykaiabg2da9iaaicdaaaa@3D27@ .

Dabei ist grad   s=n( i 1 ++ i k ) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqr=epeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaam4zaiaadkhacaWGHbGaamizaiaaysW7caWGZbGaeyypa0JaamOBaiabgkHiTiaacIcacaWGPbWaaSbaaSqaaiaaigdaaeqaaOGaey4kaSIaeSOjGSKaey4kaSIaamyAamaaBaaaleaacaWGRbaabeaakiaacMcaaaa@4739@ . Diese Information aber hat interessante Konsequenzen über die mögliche Anzahl von Nullstellen einer Polynomfunktion, denn ist s nicht das Nullpolynom, so kann unmöglich i 1 ++ i k >n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqr=epeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyAamaaBaaaleaacaaIXaaabeaakiabgUcaRiablAciljabgUcaRiaadMgadaWgaaWcbaGaam4AaaqabaGccqGH+aGpcaWGUbaaaa@3EBE@ sin.

Bemerkung:  R sei nullteilerfrei und p ein Polynom vom Grad n1 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOBaiabgwMiZkaaigdaaaa@395C@ . Ist f p MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOzamaaBaaaleaacaWGWbaabeaaaaa@37F4@ nicht die Nullfunktion, so gilt:

  1. f p MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOzamaaBaaaleaacaWGWbaabeaaaaa@37F4@ besitzt höchstens n Nullstellen.
[4.5.13]
  1. f p MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOzamaaBaaaleaacaWGWbaabeaaaaa@37F4@ besitzt genau dann n (nicht notwendig verschiedene) Nullstellen, wenn f p MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOzamaaBaaaleaacaWGWbaabeaaaaa@37F4@ "vollständig in Linearfaktoren zerfällt":   f p =c(X c 1 )(X c n ) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOzamaaBaaaleaacaWGWbaabeaakiabg2da9iaadogacqGHflY1caGGOaGaamiwaiabgkHiTiaadogadaWgaaWcbaGaaGymaaqabaGccaGGPaGaeyyXICTaeSOjGSKaeyyXICTaaiikaiaadIfacqGHsislcaWGJbWaaSbaaSqaaiaad6gaaeqaaOGaaiykaaaa@4C1C@ .
[4.5.14]
  1. Hat eine beliebige Polynomfunktion f p MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOzamaaBaaaleaacaWGWbaabeaaaaa@37F4@ mit gradpn MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaam4zaiaadkhacaWGHbGaamizaiaaykW7caWGWbGaeyizImQaamOBaaaa@3EC2@ mehr als n Nullstellen, so ist f p MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOzamaaBaaaleaacaWGWbaabeaaaaa@37F4@ die Nullfunktion.
[4.5.15]

Beweis:  

1.  Hat f p MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqr=epeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOzamaaBaaaleaacaWGWbaabeaaaaa@37F6@  n Nullstellen, etwa c 1 ,, c k MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqr=epeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaam4yamaaBaaaleaacaaIXaaabeaakiaacYcacqWIMaYscaGGSaGaam4yamaaBaaaleaacaWGRbaabeaaaaa@3C49@ , so gibt es nach [4.5.12] Zahlen i 1 ,, i k MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqr=epeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyAamaaBaaaleaacaaIXaaabeaakiaacYcacqWIMaYscaGGSaGaamyAamaaBaaaleaacaWGRbaabeaaaaa@3C55@ , i 1 ++ i k =n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqr=epeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyAamaaBaaaleaacaaIXaaabeaakiabgUcaRiablAciljabgUcaRiaadMgadaWgaaWcbaGaam4AaaqabaGccqGH9aqpcaWGUbaaaa@3EBC@ , und ein Polynom s vom Grad n( i 1 ++ i k )=0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqr=epeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOBaiabgkHiTiaacIcacaWGPbWaaSbaaSqaaiaaigdaaeqaaOGaey4kaSIaeSOjGSKaey4kaSIaamyAamaaBaaaleaacaWGRbaabeaakiaacMcacqGH9aqpcaaIWaaaaa@41BC@ , f s ( c j )0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqr=epeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOzamaaBaaaleaacaWGZbaabeaakiaacIcacaWGJbWaaSbaaSqaaiaadQgaaeqaaOGaaiykaiabgcMi5kaaicdaaaa@3DEA@ , so dass

f p = f s (X c 1 ) i 1 (X c k ) i k MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqr=epeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOzamaaBaaaleaacaWGWbaabeaakiabg2da9iaadAgadaWgaaWcbaGaam4CaaqabaGccqGHflY1caGGOaGaamiwaiabgkHiTiaadogadaWgaaWcbaGaaGymaaqabaGccaGGPaWaaWbaaSqabeaacaWGPbWaaSbaaWqaaiaaigdaaeqaaaaakiabgwSixlablAciljabgwSixlaacIcacaWGybGaeyOeI0Iaam4yamaaBaaaleaacaWGRbaabeaakiaacMcadaahaaWcbeqaaiaadMgadaWgaaadbaGaam4Aaaqabaaaaaaa@5191@ .

Da grad   s=0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqr=epeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaam4zaiaadkhacaWGHbGaamizaiaaysW7caWGZbGaeyypa0JaaGimaaaa@3DE1@ , ist f s MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqr=epeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOzamaaBaaaleaacaWGZbaabeaaaaa@37F9@ von 0 verschieden und konstant, also f s (x)0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqr=epeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOzamaaBaaaleaacaWGZbaabeaakiaacIcacaWG4bGaaiykaiabgcMi5kaaicdaaaa@3CDA@ für alle xR MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqr=epeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiEaiabgIGiolaadkfaaaa@3942@ , so dass f p MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqr=epeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOzamaaBaaaleaacaWGWbaabeaaaaa@37F6@ keine weiteren Nullstellen besitzt. f p MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqr=epeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOzamaaBaaaleaacaWGWbaabeaaaaa@37F6@ kann also weniger, aber nicht mehr als n Nullstellen besitzen.

2.  Die Richtung " MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaeyi0HWnaaa@3841@ " ist trivial und " MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaeyO0H4naaa@3845@ " steht bereits im Beweis zu 1.

3.  Dies ist i.w. die Aussage 1, denn ist f p MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOzamaaBaaaleaacaWGWbaabeaaaaa@37F4@ nicht die Nullfunktion, so hat f p MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOzamaaBaaaleaacaWGWbaabeaaaaa@37F4@ nicht mehr als n Nullstellen.

Wir illustrieren [4.5.14] an einem Beispiel in MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqr=epeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaeSyhHekaaa@375A@ : Die Polynomfunktion X 3 2 X 2 5X+6 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqr=epeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiwamaaCaaaleqabaGaaG4maaaakiabgkHiTiaaikdacaWGybWaaWbaaSqabeaacaaIYaaaaOGaeyOeI0IaaGynaiaadIfacqGHRaWkcaaI2aaaaa@3F5F@ zerfällt vollständig. Zunächst findet man (durch Probieren) in 1 eine Nullstelle, so dass gemäß [4.5.10] die folgende Division ohne Rest aufgehen wird:

( X 3 2 X 2 5X+6):(X1)= X 2 X6 ( X 3 X 2 ) ( X 3 X 2 5X ( ( X 2 +X) ( X 3 X 2 6X+6 X 3 X 2 (6X+6) X 3 X 2 6X+<6 0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqr=epeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=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@69EC@

Wegen x 2 x6=0x=2      x=3 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqr=epeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiEamaaCaaaleqabaGaaGOmaaaakiabgkHiTiaadIhacqGHsislcaaI2aGaeyypa0JaaGimaiaaywW7cqGHuhY2caaMf8UaamiEaiabg2da9iabgkHiTiaaikdacaaMe8UaeyikIOTaaGjbVlaadIhacqGH9aqpcaaIZaaaaa@4DDF@ liefert die Polynomfunktion X 2 X6 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqr=epeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiwamaaCaaaleqabaGaaGOmaaaakiabgkHiTiaadIfacqGHsislcaaI2aaaaa@3B31@ zwei weitere Nullstellen. Damit hat man die folgende Zerlegung:

X 3 2 X 2 5X+6=(X1)( X 2 X6)=(X1)(X+2)(X3) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqr=epeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiwamaaCaaaleqabaGaaG4maaaakiabgkHiTiaaikdacaWGybWaaWbaaSqabeaacaaIYaaaaOGaeyOeI0IaaGynaiaadIfacqGHRaWkcaaI2aGaeyypa0JaaiikaiaadIfacqGHsislcaaIXaGaaiykaiabgwSixlaacIcacaWGybWaaWbaaSqabeaacaaIYaaaaOGaeyOeI0IaamiwaiabgkHiTiaaiAdacaGGPaGaeyypa0JaaiikaiaadIfacqGHsislcaaIXaGaaiykaiabgwSixlaacIcacaWGybGaey4kaSIaaGOmaiaacMcacqGHflY1caGGOaGaamiwaiabgkHiTiaaiodacaGGPaaaaa@5E59@ .
 

[4.5.15] zeigt insbesondere, dass von Null verschiedene Polynomfunktionen etwa über MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaeSyhHekaaa@3758@ nicht unendlich viele Nullstellen besitzen können. Daher weiß man z.B. jetzt: sin und cos sind keine Polynomfunktionen.

Über das Nullstellenverhalten der Polynomfunktionen gelingt es auch, ein wichtiges Kriterium für die Gleichheit zweier Polynomfunktionen zu beweisen: Zwei Polynomfunktionen eines unendlichen Integritätsrings sind genau dann gleich, wenn sie in allen Koeffizienten übereinstimmen.

Bemerkung (Identitätssatz für Polynomfunktionen):  R sei ein unendlicher Integritätsring. Sind p=( a 0 ,, a n ,0,) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiCaiabg2da9iaacIcacaWGHbWaaSbaaSqaaiaaicdaaeqaaOGaaiilaiablAciljaacYcacaWGHbWaaSbaaSqaaiaad6gaaeqaaOGaaiilaiaaicdacaGGSaGaeSOjGSKaaiykaaaa@42DF@ und q=( b 0 ,, b n ,0,) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyCaiabg2da9iaacIcacaWGIbWaaSbaaSqaaiaaicdaaeqaaOGaaiilaiablAciljaacYcacaWGIbWaaSbaaSqaaiaad6gaaeqaaOGaaiilaiaaicdacaGGSaGaeSOjGSKaaiykaaaa@42E2@ zwei Polynome vom Grad n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaeyizImQaamOBaaaa@3890@ , so gilt:

  1. f p =0 a i =0   für alle   ip=0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOzamaaBaaaleaacaWGWbaabeaakiabg2da9iaaicdacaaMf8Uaeyi1HSTaaGzbVlaadggadaWgaaWcbaGaamyAaaqabaGccqGH9aqpcaaIWaGaaGjbVlaabAgacaqG8dGaaeOCaiaabccacaqGHbGaaeiBaiaabYgacaqGLbGaaGjbVlaadMgacaaMf8Uaeyi1HSTaaGzbVlaadchacqGH9aqpcaaIWaaaaa@56DF@ .
[4.5.16]
  1. f p = f q a i = b i    für alle   ip=q MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOzamaaBaaaleaacaWGWbaabeaakiabg2da9iaadAgadaWgaaWcbaGaamyCaaqabaGccaaMf8Uaeyi1HSTaaGzbVlaadggadaWgaaWcbaGaamyAaaqabaGccqGH9aqpcaWGIbWaaSbaaSqaaiaadMgaaeqaaOGaaGjbVlaabAgacaqG8dGaaeOCaiaabccacaqGHbGaaeiBaiaabYgacaqGLbGaaGjbVlaadMgacaaMf8Uaeyi1HSTaaGzbVlaadchacqGH9aqpcaWGXbaaaa@59C9@ .
[4.5.17]

Beweis:  Wir zeigen nur die jeweils erste Äquivalenz. Die zweiten sind offensichtlich.

1.  Sei f p =0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOzamaaBaaaleaacaWGWbaabeaakiabg2da9iaaicdaaaa@39BE@ . Ist a 0 0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyyamaaBaaaleaacaaIWaaabeaakiabgcMi5kaaicdaaaa@3A3F@ , so ist f p MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOzamaaBaaaleaacaWGWbaabeaaaaa@37F4@ nicht die Nullfunktion, denn: f p (0)= a 0 0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOzamaaBaaaleaacaWGWbaabeaakiaacIcacaaIWaGaaiykaiabg2da9iaadggadaWgaaWcbaGaaGimaaqabaGccqGHGjsUcaaIWaaaaa@3F6E@ . Ist a i 0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyyamaaBaaaleaacaWGPbaabeaakiabgcMi5kaaicdaaaa@3A73@ für ein i>0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyAaiabg6da+iaaicdaaaa@3898@ , so ist gradp1 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaam4zaiaadkhacaWGHbGaamizaiaaykW7caWGWbGaeyyzImRaaGymaaaa@3E9B@ , f p MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOzamaaBaaaleaacaWGWbaabeaaaaa@37F4@ hat also nach [4.5.13] nur endlich viele Nullstellen. Widerspruch. Die Richtung " MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaeyi0HWnaaa@3841@ " ist trivial.

2.  Mit 1. hat man:

f p = f q f p f q =0 a i b i =0   f.a.i a i = b i =0   f.a.i MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=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@6B4E@ .

[4.5.16] drückt die bereits in [4.5.2] angesprochene Injektivität der Generatorabbildung ϕ:p f p MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaeqy1dOMaaiOoaiaadchacqWIMgsycaWGMbWaaSbaaSqaaiaadchaaeqaaaaa@3D2C@ für unendliche Integritätsringe aus:

ϕ(p)=0 f p =0p=0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaeqy1dOMaaiikaiaadchacaGGPaGaeyypa0JaaGimaiaaywW7cqGHshI3caaMf8UaamOzamaaBaaaleaacaWGWbaabeaakiabg2da9iaaicdacaaMf8UaeyO0H4TaaGzbVlaadchacqGH9aqpcaaIWaaaaa@4D3F@ .
[4.5.18]

Aufgrund dieser Tatsache werden wir für unendliche Integritätsringe nicht mehr zwischen Polynom und Polynomfunktion unterscheiden. Insbesondere sprechen wir vom Grad einer Polynomfunktion oder einer Nullstelle und dem Funktionswert eines Polynoms.

[4.5.17] erlaubt den sog. Koeffizientenvergleich: Zwei Polynomfunktionen sind genau dann gleich, wenn sie in allen Koeffizienten übereinstimmen.

Eine weitere Konsequenz aus dem Nullstellenverhalten der Polynome ist die erstaunliche Tatsache, dass ein Polynom (über einem Körper++info) vom Grad n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaeyizImQaamOBaaaa@3890@ bereits durch n+1 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOBaiabgUcaRiaaigdaaaa@3878@ viele Funktionswerte eindeutig bestimmt ist.

Satz (Lagrangescher Interpolationssatz):  Für einen beliebigen Körper K gilt:
Sind ( x 0 , y 0 ),,( x n , y n )n+1 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaiikaiaadIhadaWgaaWcbaGaaGimaaqabaGccaGGSaGaamyEamaaBaaaleaacaaIWaaabeaakiaacMcacaGGSaGaeSOjGSKaaiilaiaacIcacaWG4bWaaSbaaSqaaiaad6gaaeqaaOGaaiilaiaadMhadaWgaaWcbaGaamOBaaqabaGccaGGPaGaaGPaVlaaykW7caWGUbGaey4kaSIaaGymaaaa@4A4A@ viele Punkte des K 2 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaam4samaaCaaaleqabaGaaGOmaaaaaaa@37A1@ mit paarweise verschiedenen x i MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiEamaaBaaaleaacaWGPbaabeaaaaa@37FF@ , so gibt es genau ein Polynom p vom Grad n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaeyizImQaamOBaaaa@3890@ so dass

p( x i )= y i MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiCaiaacIcacaWG4bWaaSbaaSqaaiaadMgaaeqaaOGaaiykaiabg2da9iaadMhadaWgaaWcbaGaamyAaaqabaGccaaMf8oaaa@3F0D@ für alle i.
[4.5.19]

p heißt das zu den Stützpunkten (bzw. Knoten) ( x 0 , y 0 ),,( x n , y n ) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaiikaiaadIhadaWgaaWcbaGaaGimaaqabaGccaGGSaGaamyEamaaBaaaleaacaaIWaaabeaakiaacMcacaGGSaGaeSOjGSKaaiilaiaacIcacaWG4bWaaSbaaSqaaiaad6gaaeqaaOGaaiilaiaadMhadaWgaaWcbaGaamOBaaqabaGccaGGPaaaaa@44A4@ gehörige Lagrangesche Interpolationspolynom.

Beweis:  Zunächst zur Eindeutigkeit: Angenommen q ist ein weiteres Polynom dieser Art. Dann hat das Polynom pq      n+1 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiCaiabgkHiTiaadghacaaMe8UaaGjbVlaad6gacqGHRaWkcaaIXaaaaa@3E6A@ viele Nullstellen, denn p( x i )q( x i )= y i y i =0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiCaiaacIcacaWG4bWaaSbaaSqaaiaadMgaaeqaaOGaaiykaiabgkHiTiaadghacaGGOaGaamiEamaaBaaaleaacaWGPbaabeaakiaacMcacqGH9aqpcaWG5bWaaSbaaSqaaiaadMgaaeqaaOGaeyOeI0IaamyEamaaBaaaleaacaWGPbaabeaakiabg2da9iaaicdaaaa@47AB@ , aber grad(pq)n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaam4zaiaadkhacaWGHbGaamizaiaaykW7caGGOaGaamiCaiabgkHiTiaadghacaGGPaGaeyizImQaamOBaaaa@41FE@ im Widerspruch zu [4.5.13].

Den Nachweis der Existenz führen wir konstruktiv. Für 0kn MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaGimaiabgsMiJkaadUgacqGHKjYOcaWGUbaaaa@3BEF@ setzen wir

l k i=0 ik n X x i x k x i = (X x 0 )(X x k1 )(X x k+1 )(X x n ) ( x k x 0 )( x k x k1 )( x k x k+1 )( x k x n ) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=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@9D98@ .

Diese sog. Lagrangeschen Grundpolynome sind (faktorisierte) Polynome vom Grad n. Man beachte, dass das Nennerprodukt, also die Zahl

( x k x 0 )( x k x k1 )( x k x k+1 )( x k x n ) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaiikaiaadIhadaWgaaWcbaGaam4AaaqabaGccqGHsislcaWG4bWaaSbaaSqaaiaaicdaaeqaaOGaaiykaiabgwSixlablAciljabgwSixlaacIcacaWG4bWaaSbaaSqaaiaadUgaaeqaaOGaeyOeI0IaamiEamaaBaaaleaacaWGRbGaeyOeI0IaaGymaaqabaGccaGGPaGaeyyXICTaaiikaiaadIhadaWgaaWcbaGaam4AaaqabaGccqGHsislcaWG4bWaaSbaaSqaaiaadUgacqGHRaWkcaaIXaaabeaakiaacMcacqGHflY1cqWIMaYscqGHflY1caGGOaGaamiEamaaBaaaleaacaWGRbaabeaakiabgkHiTiaadIhadaWgaaWcbaGaamOBaaqabaGccaGGPaaaaa@60E0@

ungleich 0 ist, denn die x i MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiEamaaBaaaleaacaWGPbaabeaaaaa@37FF@ sind paarweise verschieden und der Faktor x k x k MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiEamaaBaaaleaacaWGRbaabeaakiabgkHiTiaadIhadaWgaaWcbaGaam4Aaaqabaaaaa@3B11@ kommt nicht vor!

Wir berechnen nun die Werte, die l k MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiBamaaBaaaleaacaWGRbaabeaaaaa@37F5@ an den Stellen x i MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiEamaaBaaaleaacaWGPbaabeaaaaa@37FF@ annimmt: Zunächst hat man l k ( x k )=1 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiBamaaBaaaleaacaWGRbaabeaakiaacIcacaWG4bWaaSbaaSqaaiaadUgaaeqaaOGaaiykaiabg2da9iaaigdaaaa@3D3C@ , denn in diesem Fall stimmen Zähler und Nenner überein. Für ik MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyAaiabgcMi5kaadUgaaaa@398D@ tritt im Zähler der Faktor x i x i MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiEamaaBaaaleaacaWGPbaabeaakiabgkHiTiaadIhadaWgaaWcbaGaamyAaaqabaaaaa@3B0D@ auf, also ist hier l k ( x i )=0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiBamaaBaaaleaacaWGRbaabeaakiaacIcacaWG4bWaaSbaaSqaaiaadMgaaeqaaOGaaiykaiabg2da9iaaicdaaaa@3D39@ . Für das Polynom

p k=0 n y k l k MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiCaiabg2da9maaqahabaGaamyEamaaBaaaleaacaWGRbaabeaakiaadYgadaWgaaWcbaGaam4AaaqabaaabaGaam4Aaiabg2da9iaaicdaaeaacaWGUbaaniabggHiLdaaaa@41EE@

gilt daher p( x i )= y i l i ( x i )= y i MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiCaiaacIcacaWG4bWaaSbaaSqaaiaadMgaaeqaaOGaaiykaiabg2da9iaadMhadaWgaaWcbaGaamyAaaqabaGccaWGSbWaaSbaaSqaaiaadMgaaeqaaOGaaiikaiaadIhadaWgaaWcbaGaamyAaaqabaGccaGGPaGaeyypa0JaamyEamaaBaaaleaacaWGPbaabeaaaaa@462C@ . Schließlich ist der Grad von p höchstens gleich n.

Diese konstruktive Methode hat Lagrange 1795

 i

J.L. Lagrange, ”Leçons élémentaires sur les mathématiques données a l’école normale (1795)”,
Oeuvres de Lagrange 7, Gauthier-Villars, Paris, 183–287 (1877).

Der relevante Text findet sich ab Seite 283. Das pdf-Dokument stammt aus der Bibliothèque nationale de France.

veröffentlicht. Obwohl diese Methode mit seinem Namen vebunden ist, ist er möglicherweise nicht ihr Urheber, denn der englische Mathematiker Woring publizierte das Verfahren bereits im Jahr 1779

 i

Problems concerning Interpolations.
By Edward Waring, M. D. F. R. S. and of the Institute of Bononia, Lucasian Professor of Mathematics in the University of Cambridge
Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. 1779 69, 59-67

Das pdf-Dokument stammt von der Royal Society.

.

Wir üben das Lagrangeverfahren in () MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWefv3ySLgznfgDOjdaryqr1ngBPrginfgDObcv39gaiuaacqWFzecucaGGOaGaeSyhHeQaaiykaaaa@4363@ an einigen Beispielen. Die Beispielseite enthält außerdem ein Formular, das Interpolationspolynome zu beliebigen Stützpunkten erstellt.

Das folgende Applet, mit dem reelle Polynome (bis zum Grad 7) skizziert werden können, macht die Vielgestaltigkeit dieser Funktionengruppe deutlich.

 i

3 X 7 +2 X 6 +4 X 5 +5 X 4 +6 X 3 +7 X 2 +8X+9 ) 2 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaeyOeI0IaaG4maiaadIfadaahaaWcbeqaaiaaiEdaaaGccqGHRaWkcaaIYaGaamiwamaaCaaaleqabaGaaGOnaaaakiabgUcaRiaaisdacaWGybWaaWbaaSqabeaacaaI1aaaaOGaey4kaSIaaGynaiaadIfadaahaaWcbeqaaiaaisdaaaGccqGHRaWkcaaI2aGaamiwamaaCaaaleqabaGaaG4maaaakiabgUcaRiaaiEdacaWGybWaaWbaaSqabeaacaaIYaaaaOGaey4kaSIaaGioaiaadIfacqGHRaWkcaaI5aaaaa@4ECB@

 

It looks like you don't have Java installed, please go to www.java.com


 

4.4. 4.6.