8.8. Die Exponentialfunktion


Im letzten Abschnitt konnten wir die Umkehrbarkeit der Logarithmusfunktion ln: >0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaciiBaiaac6gacaGG6aGaeSyhHe6aaWbaaSqabeaacqGH+aGpcaaIWaaaaOGaeyOKH4QaeSyhHekaaa@3F54@ nachweisen. Jetzt studieren wir ihre Umkehrfunktion ln 1 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaciiBaiaac6gadaahaaWcbeqaaiabgkHiTiaaigdaaaaaaa@39A5@ , die wir mit dem Symbol e X MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyzamaaCaaaleqabaGaamiwaaaaaaa@37E0@ bezeichnen: Die Funktion

e X ln 1 : >0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyzamaaCaaaleqabaGaamiwaaaakiabg2da9iGacYgacaGGUbWaaWbaaSqabeaacqGHsislcaaIXaaaaOGaaiOoaiabl2riHkabgkziUkabl2riHoaaCaaaleqabaGaeyOpa4JaaGimaaaaaaa@442D@
[8.8.1]

nennen wir die (natürliche) Exponentialfunktion oder auch kurz die e-Funktion.

Die Potenzschreibweise für die e-Funktion rechtfertigen wir im nächsten Abschnitt 8.9 und in [8.8.25] beweisen wir die Identität e X =exp MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyzamaaCaaaleqabaGaamiwaaaakiabg2da9iGacwgacaGG4bGaaiiCaaaa@3BCB@ , so dass der Name "Exponentialfunktion" zu keinen Konflikten mit [5.9.18] führt. Mit [8.8.1] haben wir somit einen alternativen, von der Reihenrechnung unabhängigen Zugang zur Exponentialfunktion gefunden. Viele ihrer Eigenschaften ergeben sich direkt aus den entsprechenden Eigenschaften des Logarithmus. So ist etwa der Graph als Spiegelung des ln-Graphen an der Winkelhalbieren sofort verfügbar.

e X MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyzamaaCaaaleqabaGaamiwaaaaaaa@37E0@ besitzt zunächst die kennzeichnenden Eigenschaften einer Umkehrfunktion.

Bemerkung:  

1.    e lnx =x MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyzamaaCaaaleqabaGaciiBaiaac6gacaWG4baaaOGaeyypa0JaamiEaaaa@3BF1@  für alle x>0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiEaiabg6da+iaaicdaaaa@38AB@ .

[8.8.2]

2.    ln e x =x MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaciiBaiaac6gacaWGLbWaaWbaaSqabeaacaWG4baaaOGaeyypa0JaamiEaaaa@3BF1@  für alle x MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiEaiabgIGiolabl2riHcaa@39DD@ .

[8.8.3]

Beweis:  Eine Funktion und ihre Umkehrfunktion heben sich in ihrer Wirkung gegenseitig auf:

e X ln=X| >0 ln e X =X MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaqbaeaabiqaaaqaaiaadwgadaahaaWcbeqaaiaadIfaaaGccqWIyiYBciGGSbGaaiOBaiabg2da9iaadIfacaGG8bGaeSyhHe6aaWbaaSqabeaacqGH+aGpcaaIWaaaaaGcbaGaciiBaiaac6gacqWIyiYBcaWGLbWaaWbaaSqabeaacaWGybaaaOGaeyypa0Jaamiwaaaaaaa@485F@

1. und 2. stellen genau diesen Sachverhalt dar.

Mit [8.8.2] können wir erste Funktionswerte der e-Funktion berechnen: Da ln1=0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaciiBaiaac6gacaaIXaGaeyypa0JaaGimaaaa@3A4B@ und lne=1 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaciiBaiaac6gacaWGLbGaeyypa0JaaGymaaaa@3A7B@ (siehe [8.7.12]), hat man:

e 0 = e ln1 =1 e 1 = e lne =e MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaqbaeaabiqaaaqaaiaadwgadaahaaWcbeqaaiaaicdaaaGccqGH9aqpcaWGLbWaaWbaaSqabeaaciGGSbGaaiOBaiaaigdaaaGccqGH9aqpcaaIXaaabaGaamyzamaaCaaaleqabaGaaGymaaaakiabg2da9iaadwgadaahaaWcbeqaaiGacYgacaGGUbGaamyzaaaakiabg2da9iaadwgaaaaaaa@471B@
[8.8.4]

Über die zentrale Ungleichung des Logarithmus finden wir auch eine Möglichkeit, alle Funktionswerte der e-Funktion zu berechnen. Allerdings benötigen wir dazu die Stetigkeit der e-Funktion, so dass wir uns zunächst über ihre analytischen Eigenschaften informieren.

Bemerkung:  

1.    e X MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyzamaaCaaaleqabaGaamiwaaaaaaa@37E0@ ist stetig.

[8.8.5]

2.    e X MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyzamaaCaaaleqabaGaamiwaaaaaaa@37E0@ ist differenzierbar und ( e X ) = e X MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaiikaiaadwgadaahaaWcbeqaaiaadIfaaaGcceGGPaGbauaacqGH9aqpcaWGLbWaaWbaaSqabeaacaWGybaaaaaa@3C49@ .

[8.8.6]

3.    e X MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyzamaaCaaaleqabaGaamiwaaaaaaa@37E0@ ist beliebig oft differenzierbar und ( e X ) (n) = e X MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaiikaiaadwgadaahaaWcbeqaaiaadIfaaaGccaGGPaWaaWbaaSqabeaacaGGOaGaamOBaiaacMcaaaGccqGH9aqpcaWGLbWaaWbaaSqabeaacaWGybaaaaaa@3EC0@ .

[8.8.7]

4.    e X MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyzamaaCaaaleqabaGaamiwaaaaaaa@37E0@ ist integrierbar und e X MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyzamaaCaaaleqabaGaamiwaaaaaaa@37E0@ ist eine ihrer Stammfunktionen.

[8.8.8]

Beweis:  Man beachte zunächst, dass ln(x)= 1 x 0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaciiBaiaac6gacaGGNaGaaiikaiaadIhacaGGPaGaeyypa0ZaaSaaaeaacaaIXaaabaGaamiEaaaacqGHGjsUcaaIWaaaaa@4020@ für alle x>0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiEaiabg6da+iaaicdaaaa@38AB@ .

1.    [7.5.3] sichert damit die Stetigkeit von e X = ln 1 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyzamaaCaaaleqabaGaamiwaaaakiabg2da9iGacYgacaGGUbWaaWbaaSqabeaacqGHsislcaaIXaaaaaaa@3CA9@ in jedem x MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiEaiabgIGiolabl2riHcaa@39DD@ .

2.    Mit [7.5.4] ist darüber hinaus die Differenzierbarkeit von e X MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyzamaaCaaaleqabaGaamiwaaaaaaa@37E0@ gewährleistet, wobei

( e X ) (x)=( e X ) (ln e x )= 1 ln( e x ) = 1 1 e x = e x MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaiikaiaadwgadaahaaWcbeqaaiaadIfaaaGcceGGPaGbauaacaGGOaGaamiEaiaacMcacqGH9aqpcaGGOaGaamyzamaaCaaaleqabaGaamiwaaaakiqacMcagaqbaiaacIcaciGGSbGaaiOBaiaadwgadaahaaWcbeqaaiaadIhaaaGccaGGPaGaeyypa0ZaaSaaaeaacaaIXaaabaGaciiBaiaac6gacaGGNaGaaiikaiaadwgadaahaaWcbeqaaiaadIhaaaGccaGGPaaaaiabg2da9maalaaabaGaaGymaaqaamaalaaabaGaaGymaaqaaiaadwgadaahaaWcbeqaaiaadIhaaaaaaaaakiabg2da9iaadwgadaahaaWcbeqaaiaadIhaaaaaaa@5514@  für alle x MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiEaiabgIGiolabl2riHcaa@39DD@ .

3./4.    Beide Aussagen sind direkte Folgerungen aus 2.

In [8.8.6] ist die große Bedeutung der e-Funktion angelegt: Sie ist eine nicht-triviale Funktion, die mit ihrer eigenen Ableitung übereinstimmt, eine Funktion f0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOzaiabgcMi5kaaicdaaaa@3958@ also, die die "Differentialgleichung" f =f MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGabmOzayaafaGaeyypa0JaamOzaaaa@38D4@ löst.

Mit der jetzt vorliegenden Stetigkeit können wir die oben angekündigte Berechnung beliebiger Funktionswerte einrichten.

Bemerkung:  Für alle x MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiEaiabgIGiolabl2riHcaa@39DD@ ist

e x =lim (1+ x n ) n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyzamaaCaaaleqabaGaamiEaaaakiabg2da9iGacYgacaGGPbGaaiyBaiaacIcacaaIXaGaey4kaSYaaSaaaeaacaWG4baabaGaamOBaaaacaGGPaWaaWbaaSqabeaacaWGUbaaaaaa@41F6@
[8.8.9]

Beweis:  Sei x MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiEaiabgIGiolabl2riHcaa@39DD@ fest. Für alle n>x MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOBaiabg6da+iabgkHiTiaadIhaaaa@39D1@ ist x n >1 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaSaaaeaacaWG4baabaGaamOBaaaacqGH+aGpcqGHsislcaaIXaaaaa@3A9C@ , also 1+ x n >0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaGymaiabgUcaRmaalaaabaGaamiEaaqaaiaad6gaaaGaeyOpa4JaaGimaaaa@3B4B@ . Mit [8.7.11] ergibt sich daher für ln (1+ x n ) n =nln(1+ x n ) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaciiBaiaac6gacaGGOaGaaGymaiabgUcaRmaalaaabaGaamiEaaqaaiaad6gaaaGaaiykamaaCaaaleqabaGaamOBaaaakiabg2da9iaad6gacqGHflY1ciGGSbGaaiOBaiaacIcacaaIXaGaey4kaSYaaSaaaeaacaWG4baabaGaamOBaaaacaGGPaaaaa@490D@ die folgende Abschätzung:

nx n+x x =n(1 1 1+ x n )ln (1+ x n ) n n(1+ x n 1)= x x MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaGbaaeaacaaMc8+aaSaaaeaacaWGUbGaamiEaaqaaiaad6gacqGHRaWkcaWG4baaaiaaykW7aSqaaiabgkziUkaadIhaaOGaayjo+dGaeyypa0JaamOBaiaacIcacaaIXaGaeyOeI0YaaSaaaeaacaaIXaaabaGaaGymaiabgUcaRmaalaaabaGaamiEaaqaaiaad6gaaaaaaiaacMcacqGHKjYOciGGSbGaaiOBaiaacIcacaaIXaGaey4kaSYaaSaaaeaacaWG4baabaGaamOBaaaacaGGPaWaaWbaaSqabeaacaWGUbaaaOGaeyizImQaamOBaiaacIcacaaIXaGaey4kaSYaaSaaaeaacaWG4baabaGaamOBaaaacqGHsislcaaIXaGaaiykaiabg2da9maayaaabaGaamiEaaWcbaGaeyOKH4QaamiEaaGccaGL44paaaa@660C@

Gemäß Schachtelsatz [5.5.8] hat man daher: limln (1+ x n ) n =x MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaciiBaiaacMgacaGGTbGaciiBaiaac6gacaGGOaGaaGymaiabgUcaRmaalaaabaGaamiEaaqaaiaad6gaaaGaaiykamaaCaaaleqabaGaamOBaaaakiabg2da9iaadIhaaaa@42C3@ . Mit [8.8.2] garantiert nun die Stetigkeit der e-Funktion:

e x = e limln (1+ x n ) n =lim e ln (1+ x n ) n =lim (1+ x n ) n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyzamaaCaaaleqabaGaamiEaaaakiabg2da9iaadwgadaahaaWcbeqaaiGacYgacaGGPbGaaiyBaiGacYgacaGGUbGaaiikaiaaigdacqGHRaWkdaWcaaqaaiaadIhaaeaacaWGUbaaaiaacMcadaahaaadbeqaaiaad6gaaaaaaOGaeyypa0JaciiBaiaacMgacaGGTbGaamyzamaaCaaaleqabaGaciiBaiaac6gacaGGOaGaaGymaiabgUcaRmaalaaabaGaamiEaaqaaiaad6gaaaGaaiykamaaCaaameqabaGaamOBaaaaaaGccqGH9aqpciGGSbGaaiyAaiaac2gacaGGOaGaaGymaiabgUcaRmaalaaabaGaamiEaaqaaiaad6gaaaGaaiykamaaCaaaleqabaGaamOBaaaaaaa@5BDA@ .

Wir stellen nun einige elementare Eigenschaften der e-Funktion zusammen. 1. und 2. in der nachfolgenden Bemerkung zeigen, dass die e-Funktion weder Nullstellen, noch Extrem- oder Wendestellen besitzt.

Bemerkung:  

1.    e x >0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyzamaaCaaaleqabaGaamiEaaaakiabg6da+iaaicdaaaa@39CC@  für alle x MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiEaiabgIGiolabl2riHcaa@39DD@ .

[8.8.10]

2.    e X MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyzamaaCaaaleqabaGaamiwaaaaaaa@37E0@ ist streng monoton steigend und streng konvex (linksgekrümmt).

[8.8.11]

3.    e x <1 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyzamaaCaaaleqabaGaamiEaaaakiabgYda8iaaigdaaaa@39C9@  für alle x<0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiEaiabgYda8iaaicdaaaa@38A7@ .

[8.8.12]

4.    e x >1 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyzamaaCaaaleqabaGaamiEaaaakiabg6da+iaaigdaaaa@39CD@  für alle x>0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiEaiabg6da+iaaicdaaaa@38AB@ .

[8.8.13]

Beweis:  

1.   drückt noch einmal die Tatsache aus, dass e X MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyzamaaCaaaleqabaGaamiwaaaaaaa@37E0@ den Bildbereich >0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaeSyhHe6aaWbaaSqabeaacqGH+aGpcaaIWaaaaaaa@394B@ hat: e X : >0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyzamaaCaaaleqabaGaamiwaaaakiaacQdacqWIDesOcqGHsgIRcqWIDesOdaahaaWcbeqaaiabg6da+iaaicdaaaaaaa@3F64@ .

2.   Nach 1. ist ( e X ) (x)=( e X ) (x)>0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaiikaiaadwgadaahaaWcbeqaaiaadIfaaaGcceGGPaGbauaacaGGOaGaamiEaiaacMcacqGH9aqpcaGGOaGaamyzamaaCaaaleqabaGaamiwaaaakiqacMcagaqbgaqbaiaacIcacaWG4bGaaiykaiabg6da+iaaicdaaaa@4431@ für alle x. Die Behauptung folgt daher aus der strengen Version des Monotonie- bzw. Krümmungssatzes ([7.10.5] bzw. [7.10.13]).

3./4.   erhält man mit dem Funktionswert e 0 =1 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyzamaaCaaaleqabaGaaGimaaaakiabg2da9iaaigdaaaa@3988@ direkt aus der strengen Monotonie.

Viele Eigenschaften der e-Funktion ergeben sich direkt aus den entsprechenden Eigenschaften der Logarithmusfunktion, so etwa die folgenden Rechenregeln für die e-Funktion.

Bemerkung (Rechenregeln für  e X MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyzamaaCaaaleqabaGaamiwaaaaaaa@37E0@ ):  Für alle a,b MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyyaiaacYcacaWGIbGaeyicI4SaeSyhHekaaa@3B5D@ , n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOBaiabgIGiolablssiIcaa@39DB@ gilt:

1.    e b = 1 e b MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyzamaaCaaaleqabaGaeyOeI0IaamOyaaaakiabg2da9maalaaabaGaaGymaaqaaiaadwgadaahaaWcbeqaaiaadkgaaaaaaaaa@3CB0@

[8.8.14]

2.    e a+b = e a e b MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyzamaaCaaaleqabaGaamyyaiabgUcaRiaadkgaaaGccqGH9aqpcaWGLbWaaWbaaSqabeaacaWGHbaaaOGaeyyXICTaamyzamaaCaaaleqabaGaamOyaaaaaaa@4111@

[8.8.15]

3.    e ab = e a e b MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyzamaaCaaaleqabaGaamyyaiabgkHiTiaadkgaaaGccqGH9aqpdaWcaaqaaiaadwgadaahaaWcbeqaaiaadggaaaaakeaacaWGLbWaaWbaaSqabeaacaWGIbaaaaaaaaa@3EE2@

[8.8.16]

4.    e na = ( e a ) n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyzamaaCaaaleqabaGaamOBaiabgwSixlaadggaaaGccqGH9aqpcaGGOaGaamyzamaaCaaaleqabaGaamyyaaaakiaacMcadaahaaWcbeqaaiaad6gaaaaaaa@40B6@

[8.8.17]

5.    e 1 n a = e a n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyzamaaCaaaleqabaWaaSaaaeaacaaIXaaabaGaamOBaaaacqGHflY1caWGHbaaaOGaeyypa0ZaaOqaaeaacaWGLbWaaWbaaSqabeaacaWGHbaaaaqaaiaad6gaaaaaaa@4001@  für n>0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOBaiabg6da+iaaicdaaaa@38A1@

[8.8.18]

Beweis:  Alle Nachweise arbeiten mit den Identitäten x=ln e x MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiEaiabg2da9iGacYgacaGGUbGaamyzamaaCaaaleqabaGaamiEaaaaaaa@3BE7@ und x= e lnx MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiEaiabg2da9iaadwgadaahaaWcbeqaaiGacYgacaGGUbGaamiEaaaaaaa@3BE7@ (siehe [8.8.2/3]).

1.   ergibt sich aus [8.7.7]:   e b = e ln e b = e ln 1 e b = 1 e b MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyzamaaCaaaleqabaGaeyOeI0IaamOyaaaakiabg2da9iaadwgadaahaaWcbeqaaiabgkHiTiGacYgacaGGUbGaamyzamaaCaaameqabaGaamOyaaaaaaGccqGH9aqpcaWGLbWaaWbaaSqabeaaciGGSbGaaiOBamaalaaabaGaaGymaaqaaiaadwgadaahaaadbeqaaiaadkgaaaaaaaaakiabg2da9maalaaabaGaaGymaaqaaiaadwgadaahaaWcbeqaaiaadkgaaaaaaaaa@4A7C@ ,

2.   aus [8.7.8]:   e a+b = e ln e a +ln e b = e ln( e a e b ) = e a e b MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyzamaaCaaaleqabaGaamyyaiabgUcaRiaadkgaaaGccqGH9aqpcaWGLbWaaWbaaSqabeaaciGGSbGaaiOBaiaadwgadaahaaadbeqaaiaadggaaaWccqGHRaWkciGGSbGaaiOBaiaadwgadaahaaadbeqaaiaadkgaaaaaaOGaeyypa0JaamyzamaaCaaaleqabaGaciiBaiaac6gacaGGOaGaamyzamaaCaaameqabaGaamyyaaaaliabgwSixlaadwgadaahaaadbeqaaiaadkgaaaWccaGGPaaaaOGaeyypa0JaamyzamaaCaaaleqabaGaamyyaaaakiabgwSixlaadwgadaahaaWcbeqaaiaadkgaaaaaaa@57AB@ ,

3.   aus [8.7.9]:   e ab = e ln e a ln e b = e ln e a e b = e a e b MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyzamaaCaaaleqabaGaamyyaiabgkHiTiaadkgaaaGccqGH9aqpcaWGLbWaaWbaaSqabeaaciGGSbGaaiOBaiaadwgadaahaaadbeqaaiaadggaaaWccqGHsislciGGSbGaaiOBaiaadwgadaahaaadbeqaaiaadkgaaaaaaOGaeyypa0JaamyzamaaCaaaleqabaGaciiBaiaac6gadaWcaaqaaiaadwgadaahaaadbeqaaiaadggaaaaaleaacaWGLbWaaWbaaWqabeaacaWGIbaaaaaaaaGccqGH9aqpdaWcaaqaaiaadwgadaahaaWcbeqaaiaadggaaaaakeaacaWGLbWaaWbaaSqabeaacaWGIbaaaaaaaaa@51E9@ ,

4.   aus [8.7.6]:   e na = e nln e a = e ln ( e a ) n = ( e a ) n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyzamaaCaaaleqabaGaamOBaiabgwSixlaadggaaaGccqGH9aqpcaWGLbWaaWbaaSqabeaacaWGUbGaeyyXICTaciiBaiaac6gacaWGLbWaaWbaaWqabeaacaWGHbaaaaaakiabg2da9iaadwgadaahaaWcbeqaaiGacYgacaGGUbGaaiikaiaadwgadaahaaadbeqaaiaadggaaaWccaGGPaWaaWbaaWqabeaacaWGUbaaaaaakiabg2da9iaacIcacaWGLbWaaWbaaSqabeaacaWGHbaaaOGaaiykamaaCaaaleqabaGaamOBaaaaaaa@528A@ und

5.   aus [8.7.10]:   e 1 n a = e 1 n ln e a = e ln e a n = e a n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyzamaaCaaaleqabaWaaSaaaeaacaaIXaaabaGaamOBaaaacqGHflY1caWGHbaaaOGaeyypa0JaamyzamaaCaaaleqabaWaaSaaaeaacaaIXaaabaGaamOBaaaacqGHflY1ciGGSbGaaiOBaiaadwgadaahaaadbeqaaiaadggaaaaaaOGaeyypa0JaamyzamaaCaaaleqabaGaciiBaiaac6gadaGcbaqaaiaadwgadaahaaadbeqaaiaadggaaaaabaGaamOBaaaaaaGccqGH9aqpdaGcbaqaaiaadwgadaahaaWcbeqaaiaadggaaaaabaGaamOBaaaaaaa@511E@ .

Auch die zentrale Ungleichung [8.7.11] für den Logarithmus, einschließlich ihrer Erweiterung [8.7.13], läßt sich auf die e-Funktion übertragen. Wir gewinnen so die zentrale Ungleichung für e X MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyzamaaCaaaleqabaGaamiwaaaaaaa@37E0@ .

Bemerkung:  Für alle x MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiEaiabgIGiolabl2riHcaa@39DD@ ist

1.    x+1 e x x e x +1 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiEaiabgUcaRiaaigdacqGHKjYOcaWGLbWaaWbaaSqabeaacaWG4baaaOGaeyizImQaamiEaiabgwSixlaadwgadaahaaWcbeqaaiaadIhaaaGccqGHRaWkcaaIXaaaaa@4510@

[8.8.19]

2.    ( n+x n ) n e x MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaiikamaalaaabaGaamOBaiabgUcaRiaadIhaaeaacaWGUbaaaiaacMcadaahaaWcbeqaaiaad6gaaaGccqGHKjYOcaWGLbWaaWbaaSqabeaacaWG4baaaaaa@400D@  für alle n>x MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOBaiabg6da+iabgkHiTiaadIhaaaa@39D1@

[8.8.20]

3.    e x ( n nx ) n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyzamaaCaaaleqabaGaamiEaaaakiabgsMiJkaacIcadaWcaaqaaiaad6gaaeaacaWGUbGaeyOeI0IaamiEaaaacaGGPaWaaWbaaSqabeaacaWGUbaaaaaa@4018@  für alle n>x MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOBaiabg6da+iaadIhaaaa@38E4@

[8.8.21]

Beweis:  

1.   Wir setzen e x MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyzamaaCaaaleqabaGaamiEaaaaaaa@3800@ in die zentrale Ungleichung für ln ein:

1 1 e x [1] ln e x =x [2] e x 1 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaGymaiabgkHiTmaalaaabaGaaGymaaqaaiaadwgadaahaaWcbeqaaiaadIhaaaaaaOWaaCbeaeaacqGHKjYOaSqaaiaacUfacaaIXaGaaiyxaaqabaGcdaagaaqaaiGacYgacaGGUbGaamyzamaaCaaaleqabaGaamiEaaaaaeaacqGH9aqpcaWG4baakiaawIJ=amaaxababaGaeyizImkaleaacaGGBbGaaGOmaiaac2faaeqaaOGaamyzamaaCaaaleqabaGaamiEaaaakiabgkHiTiaaigdaaaa@4F1A@

Mit [2] hat man sofort: x+1 e x MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiEaiabgUcaRiaaigdacqGHKjYOcaWGLbWaaWbaaSqabeaacaWG4baaaaaa@3C4F@ . Multipliziert man [1] mit e x >0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyzamaaCaaaleqabaGaamiEaaaakiabg6da+iaaicdaaaa@39CC@ , so erhält man zunächst e x 1x e x MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyzamaaCaaaleqabaGaamiEaaaakiabgkHiTiaaigdacqGHKjYOcaWG4bGaeyyXICTaamyzamaaCaaaleqabaGaamiEaaaaaaa@40C2@ , und damit: e x x e x +1 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyzamaaCaaaleqabaGaamiEaaaakiabgsMiJkaadIhacqGHflY1caWGLbWaaWbaaSqabeaacaWG4baaaOGaey4kaSIaaGymaaaa@40C1@ .

2./3.   Diesmal setzen wir e x MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyzamaaCaaaleqabaGaamiEaaaaaaa@3800@ in die Erweiterung [8.7.13] ein und erhalten

n(1 1 e x n ) [3] x [4] n( e x n 1) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOBaiaacIcacaaIXaGaeyOeI0YaaSaaaeaacaaIXaaabaWaaOqaaeaacaWGLbWaaWbaaSqabeaacaWG4baaaaqaaiaad6gaaaaaaOGaaiykamaaxababaGaeyizImkaleaacaGGBbGaaG4maiaac2faaeqaaOGaamiEamaaxababaGaeyizImkaleaacaGGBbGaaGinaiaac2faaeqaaOGaamOBaiaacIcadaGcbaqaaiaadwgadaahaaWcbeqaaiaadIhaaaaabaGaamOBaaaakiabgkHiTiaaigdacaGGPaaaaa@4EC9@ .

Mit [4] hat man zunächst n+x n =1+ x n e x n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaSaaaeaacaWGUbGaey4kaSIaamiEaaqaaiaad6gaaaGaeyypa0JaaGymaiabgUcaRmaalaaabaGaamiEaaqaaiaad6gaaaGaeyizIm6aaOqaaeaacaWGLbWaaWbaaSqabeaacaWG4baaaaqaaiaad6gaaaaaaa@4330@ . Ist nun n>x MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOBaiabg6da+iabgkHiTiaadIhaaaa@39D1@ , also n+x>0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOBaiabgUcaRiaadIhacqGH+aGpcaaIWaaaaa@3A80@ , so folgt daraus

( n+x n ) n e x MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaiikamaalaaabaGaamOBaiabgUcaRiaadIhaaeaacaWGUbaaaiaacMcadaahaaWcbeqaaiaad6gaaaGccqGHKjYOcaWGLbWaaWbaaSqabeaacaWG4baaaaaa@400D@ .

Aus [3] erhält man 1 e x n 1 x n = nx n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaSaaaeaacaaIXaaabaWaaOqaaeaacaWGLbWaaWbaaSqabeaacaWG4baaaaqaaiaad6gaaaaaaOGaeyyzImRaaGymaiabgkHiTmaalaaabaGaamiEaaqaaiaad6gaaaGaeyypa0ZaaSaaaeaacaWGUbGaeyOeI0IaamiEaaqaaiaad6gaaaaaaa@442C@ . Für n>x MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOBaiabg6da+iaadIhaaaa@38E4@ , also nx>0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOBaiabgkHiTiaadIhacqGH+aGpcaaIWaaaaa@3A8B@ , ergibt sich daraus

1 e x ( nx n ) n e x ( n nx ) n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaSaaaeaacaaIXaaabaGaamyzamaaCaaaleqabaGaamiEaaaaaaGccqGHLjYScaGGOaWaaSaaaeaacaWGUbGaeyOeI0IaamiEaaqaaiaad6gaaaGaaiykamaaCaaaleqabaGaamOBaaaakiaaywW7cqGHuhY2caaMf8UaamyzamaaCaaaleqabaGaamiEaaaakiabgsMiJkaacIcadaWcaaqaaiaad6gaaeaacaWGUbGaeyOeI0IaamiEaaaacaGGPaWaaWbaaSqabeaacaWGUbaaaaaa@50A2@ .

Wir untersuchen nun das Grenzwertverhalten der e-Funktion. Während [8.8.21] den Grenzwert für x MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiEaiabgkziUkabgkHiTiabg6HiLcaa@3B34@ liefert, zeigt [8.8.19] die Unbeschränktheit: lim x e x = MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaCbeaeaaciGGSbGaaiyAaiaac2gaaSqaaiaadIhacqGHsgIRcqGHEisPaeqaaOGaamyzamaaCaaaleqabaGaamiEaaaakiabg2da9iabg6HiLcaa@41EF@ . Über die spezielle Art des Wachsens gibt dabei [8.8.20] Auskunft: e X MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyzamaaCaaaleqabaGaamiwaaaaaaa@37E0@ wächst stärker gegen Unendlich als jede Potenz, d.h. x a < e x MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiEamaaCaaaleqabaGaamyyaaaakiabgYda8iaadwgadaahaaWcbeqaaiaadIhaaaaaaa@3B1E@ für hinreichend große x.

Bemerkung:  Für jedes a >0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyyaiabgIGiolabl2riHoaaCaaaleqabaGaeyOpa4JaaGimaaaaaaa@3BB5@  *) gilt:

1.    lim x x a e x =0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaCbeaeaaciGGSbGaaiyAaiaac2gaaSqaaiaadIhacqGHsgIRcqGHEisPaeqaaOWaaSaaaeaacaWG4bWaaWbaaSqabeaacaWGHbaaaaGcbaGaamyzamaaCaaaleqabaGaamiEaaaaaaGccqGH9aqpcaaIWaaaaa@4362@

[8.8.22]

2.    lim x e x =0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaCbeaeaaciGGSbGaaiyAaiaac2gaaSqaaiaadIhacqGHsgIRcqGHsislcqGHEisPaeqaaOGaamyzamaaCaaaleqabaGaamiEaaaakiabg2da9iaaicdaaaa@4225@

[8.8.23]

___________
*) Potenzen mit beliebigen Exponenten werden in 8.9 eingeführt.

Beweis:  

1.   Wir wählen ein festes n>a MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOBaiabg6da+iaadggaaaa@38CD@ . Nach [8.8.20] gilt dann für alle x>0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiEaiabg6da+iaaicdaaaa@38AB@ die Abschätzung

0 x a e x x a ( n+x n ) n = n n x a (n+x) n n n x a x n = n n x an MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=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@6790@ ,

so dass die Behauptung mit dem Grenzwert lim x x an =0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaCbeaeaaciGGSbGaaiyAaiaac2gaaSqaaiaadIhacqGHsgIRcqGHEisPaeqaaOGaamiEamaaCaaaleqabaGaamyyaiabgkHiTiaad6gaaaGccqGH9aqpcaaIWaaaaa@4314@ folgt.

2.   Wir benutzen [8.8.23] mit n=1 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOBaiabg2da9iaaigdaaaa@38A0@ . Für alle x<0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiEaiabgYda8iaaicdaaaa@38A7@ gilt dann die Abschätzung

0 e x 1 1x MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaGimaiabgsMiJkaadwgadaahaaWcbeqaaiaadIhaaaGccqGHKjYOdaWcaaqaaiaaigdaaeaacaaIXaGaeyOeI0IaamiEaaaaaaa@3F9E@ ,

und damit die Behauptung, denn: lim x 1 1x =0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaCbeaeaaciGGSbGaaiyAaiaac2gaaSqaaiaadIhacqGHsgIRcqGHsislcqGHEisPaeqaaOWaaSaaaeaacaaIXaaabaGaaGymaiabgkHiTiaadIhaaaGaeyypa0JaaGimaaaa@4377@ .

In [5.9.18] haben wir mit exp(x)= i=0 x i i! MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaciyzaiaacIhacaGGWbGaaiikaiaadIhacaGGPaGaeyypa0ZaaabCaeaadaWcaaqaaiaadIhadaahaaWcbeqaaiaadMgaaaaakeaacaWGPbGaaiyiaaaaaSqaaiaadMgacqGH9aqpcaaIWaaabaGaeyOhIukaniabggHiLdaaaa@4649@ die Exponentialfunktion exp: MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaciyzaiaacIhacaGGWbGaaiOoaiabl2riHkabgkziUkabl2riHcaa@3E52@ eingeführt. Die im Zusammenhang mit [8.8.1] gemachte Zusage e X =exp MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyzamaaCaaaleqabaGaamiwaaaakiabg2da9iGacwgacaGG4bGaaiiCaaaa@3BCB@ lösen wir jetzt ein und greifen dazu auf die in 7.9 eingeführten Taylorreihen

i=0 f (i) (a) i! (xa) i MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaabCaeaadaWcaaqaaiaadAgadaahaaWcbeqaaiaacIcacaWGPbGaaiykaaaakiaacIcacaWGHbGaaiykaaqaaiaadMgacaGGHaaaaaWcbaGaamyAaiabg2da9iaaicdaaeaacqGHEisPa0GaeyyeIuoakiaacIcacaWG4bGaeyOeI0IaamyyaiaacMcadaahaaWcbeqaaiaadMgaaaaaaa@48E6@

zurück (für einen alternativen ad-hoc Beweis hier klicken). Wir berechnen zunächst das Taylorpolynom und das Lagrangesche Restglied der C MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaam4qamaaCaaaleqabaGaeyOhIukaaaaa@3852@ -Funktion  e X MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyzamaaCaaaleqabaGaamiwaaaaaaa@37E0@ . Mit ihrem Ableitungsverhalten [8.8.7] ist dies eine leichte Aufgabe.

Bemerkung:  Sei n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOBaiabgIGiolablwriLcaa@39CF@ . Zu jedem x0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiEaiabgcMi5kaaicdaaaa@396A@ gibt es ein x ˜ MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGabmiEayaaiaaaaa@36F8@ zwischen 0 und x, so dass

e x = i=0 n 1 i! x i + e x ˜ (n+1)! x n+1 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyzamaaCaaaleqabaGaamiEaaaakiabg2da9maaqahabaWaaSaaaeaacaaIXaaabaGaamyAaiaacgcaaaGaamiEamaaCaaaleqabaGaamyAaaaaaeaacaWGPbGaeyypa0JaaGimaaqaaiaad6gaa0GaeyyeIuoakiabgUcaRmaalaaabaGaamyzamaaCaaaleqabaGabmiEayaaiaaaaaGcbaGaaiikaiaad6gacqGHRaWkcaaIXaGaaiykaiaacgcaaaGaamiEamaaCaaaleqabaGaamOBaiabgUcaRiaaigdaaaaaaa@4ECF@
[8.8.24]

Beweis:  Wir wenden den Taylorsatz [7.9.16] an und erhalten mit a=0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyyaiabg2da9iaaicdaaaa@3892@ und ( e X ) (i) = e X MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrVepeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaiikaiaadwgadaahaaWcbeqaaiaadIfaaaGccaGGPaWaaWbaaSqabeaacaGGOaGaamyAaiaacMcaaaGccqGH9aqpcaWGLbWaaWbaaSqabeaacaWGybaaaaaa@3EB8@ :

e x = i=0 n e 0 i! x i + e x ˜ (n+1)! x n+1 = i=0 n 1 i! x i + e x ˜ (n+1)! x n+1 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=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@66BE@

für ein geeignetes x ˜ MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaWcbaGabmiEayaaiaaaaa@36F9@ .

Mit [8.8.24] ist nun die Gleichheit der beiden Exponentialfunktionen e X MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyzamaaCaaaleqabaGaamiwaaaaaaa@37E0@ und exp i.w. bereits gezeigt:

Bemerkung:  Für alle x MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiEaiabgIGiolabl2riHcaa@39DD@ ist

e x = i=0 x i i! MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyzamaaCaaaleqabaGaamiEaaaakiabg2da9maaqahabaWaaSaaaeaacaWG4bWaaWbaaSqabeaacaWGPbaaaaGcbaGaamyAaiaacgcaaaaaleaacaWGPbGaeyypa0JaaGimaaqaaiabg6HiLcqdcqGHris5aaaa@4336@
[8.8.25]

Beweis:  Für x=0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiEaiabg2da9iaaicdaaaa@38A9@ ist nichts zu zeigen ( e 0 =1= i=0 1 i! 0 i MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyzamaaCaaaleqabaGaaGimaaaakiabg2da9iaaigdacqGH9aqpdaaeWbqaamaalaaabaGaaGymaaqaaiaadMgacaGGHaaaaiaaicdadaahaaWcbeqaaiaadMgaaaaabaGaamyAaiabg2da9iaaicdaaeaacqGHEisPa0GaeyyeIuoaaaa@4517@ ). Sei also x0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiEaiabgcMi5kaaicdaaaa@396A@ . Mit [8.8.24] folgt daher Behauptung, wenn wir das Langrangesche Restglied als eine Nullfolge nachweisen können:

e x ˜ (n+1)! x n+1 0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaSaaaeaacaWGLbWaaWbaaSqabeaaceWG4bGbaGaaaaaakeaacaGGOaGaamOBaiabgUcaRiaaigdacaGGPaGaaiyiaaaacaWG4bWaaWbaaSqabeaacaWGUbGaey4kaSIaaGymaaaakiabgkziUkaaicdaaaa@4322@ .

Die stetige Funktion e X MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyzamaaCaaaleqabaGaamiwaaaaaaa@37E0@ ist auf dem von 0 und x gebildeten abgeschlossenen Intervall beschränkt. Es gibt also ein c so dass e x ˜ c MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyzamaaCaaaleqabaGabmiEayaaiaaaaOGaeyizImQaam4yaaaa@3AB6@ . Wählt man jetzt ein m MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyBaiabgIGiolablwriLcaa@39CE@ mit m|x| MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyBaiabgwMiZkaacYhacaWG4bGaaiiFaaaa@3BA1@ , so gilt für alle n>m MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOBaiabg6da+iaad2gaaaa@38D9@ :

0| e x ˜ (n+1)! x n+1 |c |x | n+1 (n+1)! =c |x | m+1 m! |x| m+1 |x| n 1 1 n+1 0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=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@7E2D@

Die Behauptung folgt nun mit dem Schachtelsatz [5.5.8].

[8.8.25] belegt zusammen mit [8.8.9] überdies die Identität

i=0 x i i! =lim (1+ x n ) n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaabCaeaadaWcaaqaaiaadIhadaahaaWcbeqaaiaadMgaaaaakeaacaWGPbGaaiyiaaaaaSqaaiaadMgacqGH9aqpcaaIWaaabaGaeyOhIukaniabggHiLdGccqGH9aqpciGGSbGaaiyAaiaac2gacaGGOaGaaGymaiabgUcaRmaalaaabaGaamiEaaqaaiaad6gaaaGaaiykamaaCaaaleqabaGaamOBaaaaaaa@4A08@
[8.8.26]

eine in 5.9 bereits angedeutete Möglichkeit zur Berechnung von exp(x) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaciyzaiaacIhacaGGWbGaaiikaiaadIhacaGGPaaaaa@3B1D@ .


8.7. 8.9.